UC-NRLF 


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Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge. 


SYNOPSIS 


MARINE    INVERTEBRATA 


GRAND    MANAN: 


OR  THE  KEuI  X  ABOUT  THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  BAY  OF  FUNDY,  NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


WILLIAM   STIMPSON, 


WASHINGTON    CITY: 
PUBLISHED    BY    THE    SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION. 

.1  A  N'U  A  It  Y, 

N  \-.\\     YORK:    G.    P.    PUTNAM    &    CO. 


SMITHSONIAN      CONTRIBUTIONS      TO      KNOWLEDGE. 


SYNOPSIS 


MARINE    INVERTEBRATA 


GRAND    MANAN: 


'OR    THE    REGION    ABOUT    THE    MOUTH    OF    THE    BAY    OF    FtJNDY,    NEW    BRUNSWICK. 


WILLIAM   STIMPSON, 


1.0  C  i:  I'  TED     I  OK     PUB1JCAIIO  X     -I  A  X  r  A  B  Y,     1  «  "i  o  .  ] 


COMMISSION 

TO    WHICH    THIS    PAPER    HAS    BEEN    REFERRED. 

A.  A.  GOULD,  M.  D. 
PROF.  J.  D.  DANA. 

JOSEPH  HENRY, 

Secretary  £>'.  I. 


BIOLOGY 

LIBRARY 

6 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION  5 


POLYPI. 

ALCYONID.E  ........          7 

ACTINIAD^E  .            .            ...            .            .            .            .7 

LUCERNARIAD^E  '  .            .            .            .            .            .            .            .8 

ACALEPHJE. 

PROLES  POLYPOIDE.S:  .  .  .  .  .  .  .8 

PROLES  MEDUSIN/B  .  .  .  .  .  .  .11 

BEROID  MEDUSAE         ........        11 

ECHINODERMATA. 


.  .  .12 

EURYALEA              ........  12 

OPHIURID^E             ........  13 

ASTERIAD^B            ........  14 

ECHINID^E             ...                      ....  15 

HOLOTHURIAD^E     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .16 

BRYOZOA  17 

ACEPHALA. 

TUNICATA                ...  19 

BRACHIOPODA          ....  20 

LAMELLIBHANCHIATA                     .                        .  20 

GASTEROPODA. 

PROSOBRANCHIATA              .......  22 

TECTI  BRANCH  i  ATA               ....  25 

NUDIBRANCHIATA                       ....  25 

CEPHALOPODA.  27 


299252 


IV  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

DENDROCCELA. 

PLANARIDjE  ........  27 

NEMERTID^E  ...... 

GEPHYREA        .  28 

ANNULATA. 

TUBICOLJO  .  .  29 

MARIGOLD  ...  31 

CRUSTACEA. 

PYCNOGONIDKX        .....  37 
EPIZOA       .... 
CIKEIPEDIA 

ENTOMOSTRACA      .  39 

BRANCIIIOPODA       ...  .  30 

ISOPODA      ....  30 

ANISOI>ODA  .  42 

AMPHIPODA  .....  44 

STOiMAPODA  .  :>* 

DECAPODA  .....  r>s 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX          .  .  01 

REFERENCES  TO  THE  FIGURES  07 


MARINE   INVERTEBRATA   OF   GRAND   MANAN. 


THE  Island  of  Grand  Manan,  the  natural  history  of  which  this  paper  is  intended 
to  illustrate,  is  perhaps  but  little  known,  geographically,  to  many  who  may  be 
readers  of  this  account.  It  may  not  be  out  of  place,  therefore,  to  make  some 
remarks  on  its  position.  It  is  more  properly  an  archipelago  than  an  island.  The 
smaller  members  of  the  group  lie  to  the  east  of  the  largest,  which  is  twenty  miles 
in  length,  with  a  general  trend  north-east  and  south-west,  having  an  average 
breadth  of  nine  or  ten  miles.  It  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  about 
ten  miles  from  the  western  shore  at  Campo-bello  and  Eastport,  and  thirty 
from  the  Nova  Scotia  shore.  It  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  deep  water  (a 
hundred  fathoms  or  more),  as  might  be  judged  from  the  character  of  the  shores, 
which  are  rocky  and  precipitous,  especially  on  the  western  side,  where  cliffs  of  a 
basaltic  structure  rise  perpendicularly  to  a  height  of  several  hundred  feet.  On 
the  south-eastern  side,  where  there  are  numerous  islands,  the  shores  are  low  and 
shelving,  composed  of  Mica-slate  having  a  dip  of  about  70°.  The  passages 
between  these  islands,  worn  out  by  the  tides  which  rush  with  great  velocity 
through  them,  are  generally  very  shallow,  while  a  short  distance  seaward  the 
water  becomes  as  deep  as  on  the  western  side. 

The  following  paper  is  intended  as  a  compend  of  observations  made  on  the 
marine  fauna  of  this  region,  during  three  months'  residence  in  the  summer  of 
1852;  and  also  as  a  catalogue,  which  it  is  hoped  will  prove  nearly  complete,  of 
the  marine  invertebrates  found  on  its  shores  and  in  the  adjacent  waters. 

In  preparing  local  faunas,  it  is  desirable  that  the  area  included  should  be  as 
narrowly  circumscribed  as  the  inclusion  of  the  requisite  variety  of  station  will 
allow.  It  is  only  by  the  comparison  of  the  results  of  such  examinations,  made 
at  a  series  of  points  along  a  coast,  that  an  accurate  knowledge  can  be  obtained  of 
the  distribution  of  marine  animals,  and  of  the  effect  of  external  circumstances  on 
their  growth,  habits,  and  economy.  We  can  thus  ascertain  whether  a  species  may 
inhabit  two  distant  localities  without  occurring  in  the  intermediate  space ;  and  if 
so,  what  are  the  causes  of  this?  Has  it  been  there  extirpated  by  geological 
changes  not  affecting  the  other  points?  If  not,  how  was  its  transportation  effected? 
Or,  was  it  originally  created  in  both  the  distant  points?  These,  and  many  other 
questions  of  the  same  nature,  may  be  answered  in  respect  to  species  whose  distri- 
bution is  thus  perfectly  known.  Such  investigations  will  also  throw  much  light 
on  the  distinctions  of  species,  which  cannot  now  be  derived  from  their  geographical 
distribution,  on  account  of  the  loose  and  general  manner  in  which  it  is  usually 
recorded.  And  every  practical  naturalist  knows  how  much  he  is  aided  in  defining 
species,  by  seeing  them  in  the  beauty  of  life,  in  their  natural  condition  and  asso- 
ciations. So  extended  a  series  of  observations  will,  however,  require  a  great 


s 


6  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

number  of  workers.  But  these  it  is  hoped  will  be  furnished  by  the  increasing  taste 
for  pursuits  of  this  kind  in  our  country.  The  records  of  depths  and  stations  may 
seem  trivial  in  the  eyes  of  some,  but  upon  their  accumulation  depends  the  decision 
of  several  important  questions. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  number  of  new  species  described  in  this  paper  is 
quite  large.  This  naturally  results  from  the  fact  that  so  few  families  of  our 
marine  invertebrates  have  yet  been  investigated.  Thus,  with  the  exception  of 
the  shells,  nearly  every  species  required  special  study  to  determine  its  genus,  and 
whether  it  was,  or  was  not,  identical  with  some  European  or  Arctic  species. 

Pelagic  animals  are  particularly  abundant  at  Grand  Manan,  on  account  of  the 
proximity  of  deep  water,  and  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  species  were  obtained  by 
the  use  of  the  dredge.  Dredging  in  this  region  is  attended  with  dangers,  to  guard 
against  which  some  little  foresight  is  necessary.  The  boat  should  always  be  provided 
with  a  compass,  even  in  going  short  distances  from  land,  as  the  fogs  are  very  thick 
in  summer,  and  are  suddenly  formed.  The  dredger  must  also  keep  an  eye  to  wind- 
ward, as  the  approach  of  a  fog  bank  may  be  generally  seen  at  least  some  minutes 
beforehand,  so  that  a  course  may  be  taken  for  home ;  unless,  indeed,  he  be  some- 
thing of  a  pilot  himself,  or  have  one  with  him,  when  he  may  often  continue  his 
operations  notwithstanding  the  obscurity.  A  "horn,"  consisting  of  a  Stromlus 
gigas  with  the  apex  knocked  off,  should  also  be  provided,  to  be  used  when  lost  in 
a  fog,  for,  when  blown,  it  will  be  answered  according  to  the  humane  custom  of  this 
region,  by  any  who  may  hear  it,  whether  on  shore  or  in  boats.  In  many  places, 
there  are  patches  of  rock  on  the  sea-bottom,  where  the  dredge  is  very  liable  to  be 
caught.  Usually,  it  may  be  disengaged  by  heaving  in  a  portion  of  the  dredge- 
warp,  but  this  is  often  not  sufficient.  The  only  means  then  remaining  of  recover- 
ing it  is  to  slack  out  all  the  line,  while  the  boat  is  brought  round  and  run  in  a 
direction  opposite  to  the  former  course.  It  may  even  then  occur  that  the  dredge 
remains  fixed,  so  that,  on  an  excursion  to  these  islands,  two  or  three  should  always 
be  provided. 

I  must  here  express  my  grateful  acknowledgements  to  Professor  Agassiz,  for  the 
use  of  his  valuable  collection  of  European  books  and  specimens,  which  he  most 
liberally  allowed  me,  while  as  his  pupil  I  had  the  pleasure  of  his  society  and  the 
advantages  of  his  instruction.  To  the  officers  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  am 
also  greatly  indebted,  for  affording  me  every  possible  assistance  in  the  use  of  rooms, 
instruments,  books,  etc.,  while  this  paper  was  in  preparation.  I  am  also  indebted 
to  Professor  Dana,  for  his  kindness  in  giving  me  tracings  of  the  details  of  many  of 
his  new  genera  of  Crustacea,  which  have  materially  aided  me  in  the  determination 
of  those  herein  described. 

Suites  of  the  original  specimens,  from  which  the  new  species  in  this  paper  were 
described,  are  deposited  in  the  Museum  of  the  Institution,  and  in  the  cabinet  of 
Professor  Agassiz,  at  Cambridge. 

Outline  figures  are  given  in  the  plates  of  some  of  the  most  interesting  species, 
especially  such  as  form  new  genera. 

WILLIAM  STIMPSON. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION,  February,  1853. 


MARINE  INVEUTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


POLYPI. 

ALCYONID^E. 

ALCYONIUM  DIGITATUM,  Lin.  All  the  specimens  obtained  were  very  small,  the 
largest  scarcely  an  inch  in  length,  and  not  divided  into  lobes.  Found  attached  to 
small  pebbles  on  shelly  bottoms  in  10—30  fathoms. 

ACTINIAD^:. 

ACTINIA  MARGINATA,  Le  Sueur,  J.  A.  N.  S.,  i.  172.  On  rocks  at  low-water  mark, 
of  a  very  large  size. 

A.  CARNEOLA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  1.  Very  small,  about  four-tenths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter ;  mouth  protruding  far  upwards  on  the  broad  disk,  on  the  edge  of  which 
are  the  tentacula,  alternating  in  two  approximated  rows,  there  being  eighteen  in 
each  row.  On  the  disk,  above  the  base  of  each  of  the  larger  upper  tentacula,  are 
two  prominent  white  spots,  one  above  the  other ;  while  the  lower  tentacula  have 
one  spot  only  at  their  inner  bases.  This  species  is  of  a  light  flesh  or  salmon  color. 
It  was  dredged  in  35  fathoms  on  the  Hake  Ground,  off  the  north-east  shore  of 
Grand  Manan.  The  specimens  were  attached  to  dead  valves  of  Pecten,  and  some- 
times to  the  test  of  Ascidia  callosa,  or  to  small  pebbles. 

A.  OBTRUNCATA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  short,  with  a  broad  flat  disk,  on  which,  between 
the  small  mouth  and  the  margin,  are  placed  the  tentacula;  which  are  short,  very 
blunt  at  their  extremities,  as  if  cut  off,  usually  equidistant,  not  very  numerous,  and 
arranged  alternately  in  four  or  five  very  indistinct  rows.  Sides  smooth  and  clean, 
with  few  porous  warts,  which  can  seldom  be  perceived.  Color  dark  purplish, 
lighter  on  the  disk,  with  broad  streaks  of  crimson  which  meander  among  the  bases 
of  the  tentacula.  It  is  found  not  unfrequently  at  low-water  mark,  attached  to 
stones  in  clear  water,  but  is  most  abundant  in  the  laminarian  zone.  It  approaches 
A.  crassicornis,  especially  in  the  arrangement  of  the  tentacula,  which  are,  however, 
not  pointed.  It  wants  also  the  prominent  rim  of  that  species. 

A.  CORIACEA,(?)  Johnst.,  Brit.  Zooph.  A  few  specimens  of  an  Actinia  were  pre- 
sented to  me  by  H.  R.  Storer,  Esq.  (which  he  took  at  low  water  among  the  outer 
islands),  of  a  species  which  I  did  not  myself  find.  It  is  conical,  with  the  sides 
covered  with  small  shells  and  pebbles,  which  are  secured  by  the  strong  wart-like 
suckers.  The  tentacula  are  rather  long,  and  not  very  numerous.  Having  never 
seen  it  alive,  I  am  by  no  means  certain  of  the  accuracy  of  the  above  identification. 

A.  DIANTHUS,(?)  Johnst.,  Brit.  Zooph.  A  fine  specimen,  belonging  probably  to  this 
beautiful  species,  was  dredged  in  50  fathoms  on  the  "  gravelly  bottom,"  a  fishing- 
ground  situated  about  eight  miles  off  Whitehead.  It  was  unfortunately  lost,  owing 
to  the  roughness  of  the  weather  at  the  time,  so  that  it  is  not  yet  accurately  determined. 

A.  SIPUNCULOIDES,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  2.  Body  greatly  elongated,  covered  with  a  thin 
brownish  epidermis,  with  eight  narrow  longitudinal  white  lines,  dividing  the  body 
at  the  anterior  extremity  into  eight  equal  lobes  when  contracted.  Tentacula 


8  MARINE  1NVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

twenty,  short,  curved,  and  with  blunt  extremities.  It  was  found  at  low-water 
mark,  adhering  by  its  very  small  base  to  a  large  stone,  from  which  it  was  easily 
detached.  In  confinement,  it  attached  itself  to  the  bottom  of  the  glass,  but  fre- 
quently changed  its  place.  Only  one  specimen  was  found,  from  which  circumstance 
the  necessary  anatomical  investigations  which  would  undoubtedly  result  in  the 
establishment  of  a  new  genus  for  this  animal,  could  not  be  made. 

LUCERNARIAD.E. 

LUCERNARIA  QUADRICORNIS,  Mull.  L.  fascicularis,  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  pi.  xlv., 
f.  3-6.  The  specimen  obtained  was  nearly  three  inches  in  length.  It  was  dredged 
on  a  bottom  of  nullipores  and  sea-collanders  (Agarurn)  in  four  fathoms.  It  is  the 
first  of  this  interesting  genus  yet  noticed  as  occurring  on  our  coast. 


ACALEPH^E. 

PROLES  POLYPOIDE^E. 

CAMPANULARIA  STRINGA,  Lam.  Johnst.,  1.  c.,  110.  On  Sertularia .  polyzonias,  in  25 
fathoms,  off  Duck  Island. 

LAOMEDEA  GELATINOSA,  Lamour.  Johnst.,  1.  c.,  pi.  xxi.,  f.  3.  This  I  took  from  the 
bottom  of  the  hooker  used  in  my  dredging  operations.  It  had  reached  the  height 
of  an  inch  in  less  than  a  month  after  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  had  been  scraped 
clean. 

PLUMULARIA  TENERRIMA,  St.,  n.  s.  Polypidom  pinnated,  the  stem  thick,  the  pin- 
nae very  slender,  alternate,  with  the  pyriform  cells  arranged  loosely  in  a  row  on 
their  upper  surface,  pointing  alternately  to  opposite  sides.  It  is  common  in  25 
fathoms,  shelly  bottom,  off  the  northern  point  of  Duck  Island. 

P.  FALCATA,  Lam.,  An.  sans  vert.,  ii.  160.  Taken  often  in  35  fathoms  on  the 
Hake  Ground. 

SERTULARIA  ARGENTEA,  Ellis.  Johnst.,  1.  c.,  79.  Common  in  4-6  fathoms, 
attached  to  stones. 

S.  FILICULA,  Ellis.    Johnst.,  1.  c.,  76.    Dredged  in  20  fathoms,  on  shelly  bottoms. 

S.  LATIUSCULA,  St.,  n.  s.  Pinnae  broad,  compressed,  attached  by  a  slender  base 
to  the  main  stem;  cells  crowded,  nearly  opposite,  shaped  as  in  S.  argentea;  vesicles 
elongated,  ovate,  with  a  single  strong  spine  on  one  side  at  the  extremity.  Color 
brownish.  Breadth  of  pinna,  0.03  inch.  Dredged  in  the  laminarian  zone. 

S.  PRODUCTA,  St.,  n.  s.  Cells  opposite,  elongated,  curving  outward,  with  ovate 
apertures.  Vesicles  slender,  elongated,  subtruncate,  and  covered  with  spines  at 
their  extremities.  It  is  of  a  bright  silvery  color.  It  differs  from  S.  margareta, 
Hassal,  in  having  more  numerous  spines  at  the  top  of  the  vesicle,  and  none  on  its 
sides. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  9 

S.  FALLAX,  Johnst.,  1.  c.,  73.     A  few  specimens,  probably  of  this  species,  were 
taken  in  deep  water. 

S.  RUGOSA,  Lin.  Johnst.  This  species  is  common  in  deep  water  here,  and  on 
most  parts  of  our  coast,  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to  the  Grand  Bank, 
s  S.  POLYZONIAS,  Johnst.,  1.  c.,  61.  Many  forms  occurred  at  Grand  Manan,  in  from  10 
to  40  fathoms,  all  of  which  may  be  referred  to  this  species,  as  described  by  Johnston 
in  the  second  edition  of  his  work.  But  my  own  observations  upon  many  specimens, 
and  the  consideration  of  the  genera  and  species  of  naked-eyed  medusas,  the  polype 
forms  of  which  are  not  yet  known,  convince  me  that  this  species,  so  called,  is  in 
reality  a  genus,  and  its  varieties  true  species.  The  difficulty  of  identifying  our 
species  by  the  descriptions  of  European  writers  in  the  absence  of  specimens  for 
comparison,  prevents  me  from  naming  and  describing  the  forms  I  have  determined. 


C;i«  \T17IAItli.  St.  n.  g. 

Polypidom  rectilinear,  elongated,  cylindrical,  composed  of  aggregated  tubes,  gene- 
rally without  branches,  which,  when  they  occur,  are  of  the  same  character  as  that 
from  which  they  spring.  Cells  arranged  on  all  sides,  in  more  or  less  regular  and 
equidistant  longitudinal  rows,  giving  a  section  of  the  stem  a  star-like  appearance. 

G.  ROBUSTA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  3.  Cells  large,  cylindrical,  curving  outward,  equal- 
ling in  length  the  diameter  of  the  stem,  annulated  with  one  or  two  lines  of  growth 
near  their  apertures.  They  are  arranged  in  four  or  five  very  regular  rows,  being 
alternate  in  contiguous,  and  opposite  to  each  other  in  opposite  rows.  Color  light 
brown,  cells  paler  and  translucent.  Dredged  not  unfrequently  in  the  laminarian 
zone. 

G.  GRACILIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Polypidom  slender,  with  a  polished  appearance;  cells 
small,  elongated,  projecting,  but  curving  inward  at  their  extremities,  and  distant 
from  each  other  in  the  very  irregular  rows.  Color  dark  brown,  sometimes  black. 
One  specimen  only  was  taken,  which  occurred  in  the  laminarian  zone. 

EUDENDRIUM  ciNGULATUM,  St.,  n.  s.  Polypidom  small,  very  irregularly  branched, 
somewhat  as  in  E.  rameum,  but  not  so  thickly ;  branchlets  strongly  ringed,  some- 
times throughout  their  length,  always  near  their  origins ;  polypes  small,  with  long 
tentacles  and  broad  blunt  proboscis.  It  differs  from  K  rameum  in  the  more  nume- 
rous rings  on  the  branchlets,  and  from  K  ramosum  in  the  mode  of  branching. 
Dredged  in  20  f.,  on  a  shelly  bottom  off  Duck  Island. 

TUBULARIA  INDIVISA,  (?)  Lin.  Johnst.,  1.  c.,  48.  Found  chiefly  in  the  lamina- 
rian zone. 

T.  LARYNX,  Ellis.     CoralL,  pi.  xvi.,  f.  b.     Dredged  in  25  f.,  on  the  Hake  Ground. 

CORYMORPHA  NUTANS,  Sars,  Beskrivelser  og  Jagttagelser,  etc.,  7,  pi.  i.,  f.  3.  This 
singular  animal  has  been  hitherto  found  only  on  the  coast  of  Norway,  and  among 
the  Orkney  Isles.  The  announcement  of  its  occurrence  on  our  coasts  cannot  but 
prove  interesting  to  our  marine  zoologists,  especially  as  it  may  be  taken  in  the 
greatest  abundance  in  some  localities  here,  while  it  seems  a  rare  animal  in  Europe. 
It  lives  on  a  sandy  bottom,  in  from  4  to  15  fathoms.  Off  West  Quoddy  Head,  a 


10  MARINE  IKVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

hundred  or  more  were  taken  at  a  single  haul  of  the  dredge.  It  also  occurs  in 
Welch  Pool,  and  near  Low  Duck  Island.  I  have  nothing  to  add  to  the  description 
of  Forbes  and  Goodsir,  whose  observations  I  have  mostly  repeated. 


Al  Al  LI*,  St.  n.  g. 

A.  PRIMARIUS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  4.  The  remarkable  polype  for  which  this  name  is 
proposed,  which  is  probably  the  largest  hydroid  known,  was  observed  at  Grand 
Manan  in  two  successive  stages  of  development.  It  was  first  taken  early  in  August, 
when  it  was  of  a  sub-cylindrical  form,  tapering  suddenly  to  a  point  at  each  ex- 
tremity. At  the  upper  extremity  was  the  mouth,  very  small,  a  little  below  which 
the  tentacula  commenced,  scattered  at  first,  but  gradually  increasing  in  number, 
and  somewhat  in  size.  These  tentacula  were  minute,  very  short,  equalling  in 
length  about  one-sixth  the  thickness  of  the  body,  with  large  globular  tips.  They 
occupied  about  two-thirds  of  the  surface  of  the  body;  on  the  remainder  below, 
their  places  were  supplied  by  the  medusa  buds,  which  were  crowded,  and  much 
larger  than  the  tentacula,  although  as  yet  but  little  developed.  The  inferior  ex- 
tremity of  the  body  terminated  in  a  short,  pointed,  fleshy  spike,  free  from  append- 
ages, from  which  exuded  a  tenacious  mucus,  by  which  it  adhered  to  the  subaque- 
ous surfaces  to  which  it  might  be  applied.  Around  the  base  of  this  spike,  and 
immediately  under  the  buds,  were  regularly  arranged  eight  long  gracefully-curved 
cirriform  processes,  each  equalling  in  length  about  half  that  of  the  body.  These 
appeared  from  their  motions  to  be  in  this — the  first  or  free  stage  of  the  animal's 
existence — the  locomotive  organs. 

At  a  subsequent  time,  I  met  with  several  of  these  animals  which  presented  a  differ- 
ent appearance.  The  tentacula  were  larger,  especially  in  the  region  of  the  mouth, 
at  the  now  blunt  extremity  of  the  body;  and  the  medusa  buds  were  in  an  advanced 
state  of  development,  soon  to  become  free  swimming  individuals.  The  inferior 
appendages  had  disappeared,  and  the  body  was  firmly  attached  by  a  broad  base, 
and  bore  much  resemblance  to  one  of  the  ordinary  Corynidce  deprived  of  its  stalk. 
In  strong  contractions,  it  assumed  a  shape  approaching  that  of  an  hourglass.  The 
length  of  the  animal,  in  this  latter  stage,  was  half  an  inch,  the  breadth  two-tenths. 
In  the  earlier  stage,  the  dimensions  were  one-half  these. 

It  was  dredged  in  the  laminarian  zone,  from  5  to  15  f.,  attached  to  various 
Rhodosperms,  as  Plilota,  Chondrw,  and  Rhodymenia.  Circumstances  did  not  permit 
me  to  ascertain  the  medusoid  form  of  this  polype,  although  I  have  my  conjecture. 

I  would  here  offer,  for  the  judgment  of  zoologists,  the  following  generalizations  to 
which  I  have  been  led  by  the  consideration  of  two  facts  exhibited  in  the  characters 
of  the  animal  above  described.  First,  the  basal  cirri  of  the  first  stage  are  homo- 
logous to  the  lower  or  exterior  tentacula  of  Tubularia,  which  I  think  is  evident  on 
comparison  of  parts.  Secondly,  these  cirri,  or  tentacula,  are  deciduous  with  the 
growth  of  the  animal,  and  do  not  appear  in  the  second  stage.  Hence  we  should 
consider  the  Tululariadas,  in  which  they  are  persistent,  as  lower  in  the  scale.  It 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  11 

might  also  be  considered,  as  bearing  on  this  question,  that  the  medusae  of  Tubularia 
never  become  free,  as  in  the  Cbrynidce. 

It  follows,  also,  from  the  above,  that  the  species  just  described,  having  basal  tenta- 
cula,  is  inferior  to  Coryne  and  its  allies,  in  which  they  never  appear,  so  that  it  is 
correctly  classed  between  that  genus  and  Tubularia;  and  if,  as  is  probable,  the  single 
circle  of  tentacula  in  the  Sertulariadce  is  homologous  with  the  basal  tentacula  of 
Acaulis  and  Tubularia,  it  would  follow  that  that  family  should  stand  lowest  in  the 
scale.  Thus,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  arrangement  of  the  hydroids  in  this  paper,  it 
is  a  reversal  only  of  the  series  followed  in  Johnston's  work  which  is  proposed, 
without  derangement  of  the  grouping  of  the  families. 

HYDRACTINIA  ECHINATA,  Johnst.     Alcyonium  echinatum,  Auct.,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass. 

CLAVA  MULTICORNIS,  Johnst.      Coryne  squamata,  Miill.,  etc. 

Under  these  two  names  are  probably  included  the  polype  forms  of  several  species 
of  our  North  Atlantic  naked-eyed  medusae. 

PROLES    MEDUSIN^E. 

Among  the  very  numerous  species  of  medusae  observed  in  this  region,  the 
following  only  were  identified.  The  notices  I  prepared  of  new  species,  owing  to 
the  circumstances  under  which  they  were  observed,  are  too  short  for  publication. 

SARSIA  MIRABILIS,  Agass.,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.,  2d  ser.  iii.  224,  pi.  iv. 

HIPPOCRENE  SUPERCILIARIS,  Agass.,  1.  c.,  250,  pi.  i. 

STAUROPHORA  LACINIATA,  Agass.,  1.  c.,  300,  pi.  vii. 

AURELIA  AURITA,  Miill.,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass. 

CYANEA  POSTELSII,  Gould.,  Inv.  Mass.  A  Strobila  of  large  size,  probably  the 
polype  form  of  this  Cyanea,  was  taken  in  various  stages  of  development,  in  30 
fathoms,  on  the  Hake  Ground.  It  was  of  a  light  salmon  color,  with  very  long 
superior  tentacula,  which  it  used  in  walking  inverted  on  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 


BEROID  MEDCSL& 

PLETTROBRACHIA  RHODODACTYLA,  Agass.,  1.  c.,  313,  Part  ii.,  pi.  i. 
BOLINA  ALATA,  Agass.,  1.  c.,  349,  Part  ii.,  pi.  vi. 


12  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN. 


ECHINODERMATA. 

CRINOIDE.E. 

ALECTO  ESCHRICHTII,  Mull,  et  Trosch.  The  first  specimen  of  the  genus  Alecto 
or  Camatula,  so  interesting  to  palaeontologists,  yet  taken  on  our  coast,  occurred  to 
me  in  twenty-five  fathoms  on  a  shelly  ground  near  Duck  Island.  It  seemed  to  be 
a  young  individual,  although  nearly  four  inches  in  diameter.  It  was  of  a  dark 
green  color,  dotted  with  white;  the  disk  grayish,  and  the  dorsal-jointed  append- 
ages white.  I  have  compared  it  with  specimens  of  A.  Eschrichlii  from  Greenland, 
in  the  collection  of  Prof.  Agassiz,  and  find  differences  which  may  be  those  of  age, 
since  these  latter  specimens  were  all  ten  inches  or  more  in  diameter.  Under  these 
circumstances,  I  have  hesitated  to  describe  it  as  new,  though  it  may  hereafter  be 
proved  so,  when  more  extended  comparison  shall  be  possible. 

EURYAL^E. 

ASTROPHTTON  AoASSizn,  St.,  Euryale  scutatum,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass,  (non  Blainv.). 
Until  within  a  few  years,  all  the  northern  species  of  this  singular  genus  were  con- 
founded by  zoologists  in  one.  They  have  now  been  separated  by  Miiller  and 
Troschel,  and  the  Scandinavian  naturalists;  four  species  in  northern  Europe  being 
known,  and  one  in  Greenland,  with  which  I  have  had  opportunities  of  comparing 
our  species,  and  find  constant  differences.  The  disk  of  A.  Agassizii  is  rather  large; 
the  arms  divide  in  two,  just  beyond  their  emersion  from  the  disk,  and  then  con- 
tinue to  .branch  dichotomously  till  at  their  extremities  the  rays  are  slender  rough- 
ened twigs,  which  in  preserved  specimens  are  tangled  and  interlaced  in  every 
direction,  but  in  life  are  usually  stretched  out  to  their  utmost  extension.  My 
largest  specimens  were  thus  a  foot  and  a  half  in  diameter  when  alive,  while  in  a 
dried  state  they  measure  scarce  a  foot.  The  disk  is  quite  regularly  pentagonal. 
On  its  upper  surface  the  ten  radiating  ribs  are  narrow,  prominent,  and  provided  witli 
numerous  small,  sharp,  small-based  warts,  which  are  very  irregularly  scattered,  and 
which  exist  also  on  the  marginal  ridge  which  surrounds  the  disk,  except  on  the 
concave,  which  forms  a  sort  of  socket  for  the  upper  base  of  the  arm.  Between  the 
radiating  ribs,  the  disk  is  soft  and  membranous,  with  few  scattered  granules  most 
numerous  in  a  flat  space  in  the  centre.  The  disk,  as  well  as  the  arms,  is  smooth 
and  glabrous  below ;  the  mouth  comparatively  large,  with  small  spines  at  the  entrance, 
and  larger  ones  within.  The  arms  are  flat  beneath,  with  steep  sides  and  convex 
upper  surface.  They  are  covered  above  with  crowded  minute  granules,  like  fine 
oolite,  which  are  arranged  in  numerous,  somewhat  irregular  transverse  rows,  and 
decrease  in  number  on  the  sides,  the  lower  parts  of  which  are  smooth.  On  the  flat 
under  surface  the  joints  are  indicated  by  the  pores,  which  are  arranged  on  each  side, 
in  pairs ;  there  being  also,  just  outside  of  each  pore,  a  row  of  four  small  blunt  spines. 
The  first  pair  of  pores,  however,  next  the  disk,  is  unprovided  with  spines.  There 
is  also  in  the  angle  of  each  of  the  bifurcations  a  single  pore  without  spines. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OP  GRAND  MAN  AN.  13 

The  characters  particularly  mentioned  in  this  description  are  those  in  which 
our  species  most  differs  from  that  of  Greenland. '  The  arms  and  prominent  parts 
of  the  disk  are  bright  yellow,  and  the  depressed  or  membranous  parts  of  the  disk 
dark  brownish. 

This  species  is  not  uncommon  at  Grand  Manan.  It  is  found  in  the  coralline 
zone,  especially  among  forests  of  Boltenice. 

OPHIURID^E. 

OPHIOLEPIS  TENTJIS,  Ayres,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  133.  Frequent  among  nullipores 
below  low-water  mark. 

0.  ROBUSTA,  Ayres,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  134.  A  small  graceful  species,  with  flat  disk 
and  long  slender  arms  tapering  to  mere  threads.  It  is  always  highly  colored, 
usually  variegated  with  red,  but  sometimes  jet  black.  It  varies  very  much  in  its 
proportions,  some  disks  having  arms  doubling  in  length  those  of  other  disks  of  the 
same  diameter.  It  is  abundant  in  the  laminarian  zone,  and  sometimes  also  at  low- 
water  mark,  on  rocky  and  nullipore  bottoms. 

0.  CILIATA,  Mull,  et  Trosch.,  Syst.  der  Asteriden,  91.  0.  acufera,  Ag.,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.,  1851 .  This  species  is  much  larger  than  the  preceding,  of  a  bluish-gray  color 
above,  and  white  below.  It  is  also  very  different  in  station,  being  found  only  on 
muddy  bottoms  and  in  deep  water.  I  have  taken  it  at  a  depth  of  60  fathoms. 

OPHIOPHOLIS  SCOLOPENDRICA,  M.  et  T.,  1.  c.,  96.  Ophiura  aculeata,  Gould,  Inv. 
Mass.  Excessively  common  in  the  laminarian  zone,  and  also  under  stones  at  low 
water.  In  this  latter  station  I  have  found,  in  August,  my  largest  specimens. 

OPHIACANTHA  SPINULOSA,  M.  et  T.,  1.  c.,  107.  A  fine  purplish-brown  species,  with 
long  rough  spines  on  the  arms,  and  minute  crowded  ones  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the 
disk.  It  varies  considerably,  and  has  often  the  aspect  of  an  Ophiothrix.  It  is 
found  sparingly  on  shelly  bottoms  in  the  coralline  zone. 

Our  northern  species  of  Ophiuridce  seem  yet  far  from  being  well  determined. 
One  who  is  so  fortunate  as  to  possess  very  few  specimens,  soon  becomes  perfectly 
satisfied  in  his  own  mind  as  to  the  specific  distinctions,  and  finds  little  difficulty  in 
separating  them ;  while  one  who  has  some  hundreds,  can  make  but  slow  progress, 
the  perplexity  seeming  to  increase  with  the  number  of  specimens.  I  have,  I  trust, 
properly  defined  the  limits  of  our  New  England  species,  by  the  examination  of  very 
numerous  individuals  from  many  localities,  in  which  determination  I  have  been 
most  aided  by  the  consideration  of  their  habits,  and  especially  of  their  association. 
The  great  difficulty  now  remaining  is  their  identification  with  those  of  Northern 
Europe.  So  much  discrepancy  exists  in  the  views  of  transatlantic  naturalists,  that 
a  very  general  reliance  only  can  be  placed  on  their  figures  and  descriptions ;  and 
the  few  specimens  which  have  yet  reached  this  country  from  Scandinavia  and 
Greenland  are  still  insufficient.  So  that,  although  I  have  mentioned  0.  tennis  and 
0.  robusia  under  the  names  given  them  by  an  American  author,  I  am  yet  confident 
that  they  can  be  referred  to  European  species  when  these  latter  shall  be  better 
digested. 


14  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


ASTERIAD^E. 

ASTERACANTHION  RUBENS,  M.  et  T.,  1.  c.,  17.  Specimens  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter 
are  very  common  just  below  low-water  mark. 

A.  VIOLACEUS,  M.  et  T.,  1.  c.,  16.  A  purple  species  about  four  inches  in  diameter. 
The  rays  are  rather  narrow,  and  taper  to  a  point.  It  is  not  common  in  this  region. 

A.  LITTORALIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  tumid,  rays  very  broad.  Ambulacral  spines  in 
two  rows,  slender,  blunt,  or  even  clavate  at  their  tips.  Spines  on  the  sides  larger 
than  those  on  the  back,  but  both  short,  blunt,  and  showing  great  uniformity  in  size 
and  distribution.  Its  color  is  always  a  dark  green  above,  and  it  never  exceeds  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter.  It  is  very  common  among  the  fuci  in  the  middle 
region  of  the  littoral  zone,  or  even  near  high-water  mark — elsewhere  I  have  never 
found  it. 

A.  MULLERI,  Sars.,  Wiegm.  Archiv.,  x.  169.  This  remarkable  species  occurred 
to  me  in  30  f,  off  the  northern  point  of  Duck  Island.  It  is  of  a  bright  red  color 
above  when  alive,  and  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  all  others  by  the  crown 
surrounding  the  bases  of  the  spines,  which  are  arranged  in  distinct  rows  on  the 
sides  of  the  rays.  I  have  compared  our  specimens  with  some  sent  from  Norway 
by  Sars  himself. 

A.  ALBULUS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  5.  Small,  depressed,  of  a  uniform  cream-color ;  rays 
very  slender,  each  with  a  prominent  rounded  tuft  of  spines  at  its  extremity.  Am- 
bulacra very  broad,  with  about  five  rows  of  slender  spines  on  each  side.  Back  and 
sides  having  a  remarkably  smooth  appearance,  which  is  found  to  result  from  their 
being  covered  with  closely  set  subquadrate  tufts  of  short  blunt  spines.  These 
tufts  are  arranged  very  regularly  in  rows,  which  can  be  traced  both  longitudinally 
and  transversely.  Those  of  the  middle  row  are  more  closely  set  than  the  others, 
thus  giving  each  ray  the  appearance  of  having  a  median  line. 

The  number  of  rays  is  almost  invariably  six,  one  specimen  only,  out  of  fifty 
taken,  having  five.  And  what  is  still  more  remarkable,  four  out  of  five  of  these 
had  three  of  the  rays  much  shorter  than  the  others.  Some  specimens  had  seven 
rays.  Were  it  not  for  the  great  numbers  which  I  found  every  day,  I  should  cer- 
tainly have  considered  them  as  the  distorted  young  of  some  other  species.  They 
occurred  most  frequently  among  branching  nullipores,  in  4  or  5  fathoms,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  islands. 

This  species  is  very  distinct  from  any  yet  described.  It  may  probably  form 
another  genus,  when  the  four  rows  of  suckers  shall  become  a  family  character 
instead  of  a  generic  one. 

LINKIA  OCULATA,  Forbes,  Wern.  Mem.  Cribella  oculaia,  Forbes,  Brit.  Starf. 
Asterias  spongiosa,  Gould,  Desor.  Abundant  on  the  rocks  about  low-water  mark. 

L.  PERTUSA.  Asterias  pertusa,  Mull.  Ecliinaster  Eschrichtii,  M.  et  T.  (?)  Much 
larger  than  the  preceding,  and  with  elongated  rays,  which  narrow  towards  their 
extremities.  The  color  is  also  a  paler  red.  Dredged  in  30  fathoms,  and  found  also 
occasionally  at  low-water  mark. 

SOLASTER  ENDECA,  Forbes,  1.  c.    This  species  is  abundant  on  the  rocks  at  low-water 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  15 

mark  in  the  summer,  at  some  localities,  but  these  are  always  small,  and  never  more 
than  half  grown.  The  large  individuals,  some  of  which  are  a  foot  in  diameter,  are 
found  only  in  deep  water,  chiefly  in  the  laminarian  zone. 

S.  PAPPOSA,  Forbes,  1.  c.  This  species  is  rare  in  this  region,  and  small  specimens 
only  are  found.  They  usually  occur  on  shelly  bottoms  in  the  coralline  zone. 

PTERASTER  MILITARIS,  M.  et  T.,  1.  c.,  128.  This  is  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  of  the 
Asteriadce,  presenting,  as  it  does,  the  singular  phenomenon  of  a  web  among  these 
lower  animals.  A  soft  flexible  membrane  connects  the  ambulacral  spines,  the  in- 
ner rows  transversely,  the  outer  longitudinally;  also  the  spines  surrounding  the 
mouth,  and  those  surrounding  the  large  anal  pore.  In  one  of  my  specimens,  where 
this  anal  pore  is  widely  open,  the  cavity  is  distinctly  seen  to  divide  into  five  large 
channels,  corresponding  to  the  five  interspaces  between  the  rays.  These  channels 
pass  underneath,  and  parallel  to,  the  skin,  and,  from  their  action  in  life,  I  am  in- 
clined to  consider  their  function,  at  least  in  part,  respiratory.  It  is  perhaps  super- 
fluous to  say  this,  when  we  know  that  this  function  is  performed  by  the  whole 
surface  of  the  skin  ;  the  webs  seeming  especially  qualified  for  the  office.  When, 
however,  we  place  a  living  Pteraster  and  a  Holothuria  in  the  same  jar,  and  see  the 
same  action  of  inhalation  and  expulsion  of  water  going  on  at  the  anal  aperture  in 
each,  it  is  difficult  to  refrain  from  considering  its  object  the  same  in  both,  especially 
when  they  are  so  closely  related  zoologically. 

This  starfish  has  hitherto  been  observed  only  in  Northern  Europe,  and  in  Green- 
land, where  it  would  seem  to  be  rarely  found.  At  Grand  Manan,  I  took  three 
specimens,  all  of  which  occurred  in  the  Hake  Bay,  in  35  fathoms,  shelly  bottom. 

GONIASTER  PHRYGIANA.  Asterias  phrygiana,  Parel.  Goniaster  equestris,  Agass. 
Astrogonium  plirygianum,  M.  et  T.,  1.  c.,  52.  A  large  specimen  was  taken  off  Duck  I., 
in  the  coralline  zone.  It  was  bright  red  above,  and  bright  yellow  below,  being  by 
far  the  most  elegant  of  our  starfishes.  The  minute  vesicles  which  protrude  from 
the  dorsal  pores,  are  short  and  tipped  with  black.  The  eyes  are  very  dark  red  in 
color,  and  the  suckers  near  them  are  very  long  and  slender,  especially  a  single  one 
just  above  each  eye. 

CTENODISCUS  CRISPATUS,  Dub.  et  Kor.,  Skand.  Echin.,  253.  This  fine  starfish  is 
by  no  means  rare  in  New  England,  although  not  yet  noticed  by  our  naturalists. 
At  Grand  Manan,  it  occurred  on  muddy  bottoms  in  fifty  and  sixty  fathoms. 


ECHINUS  GRANULATUS,  Say,  Gould.,  Inv.  Mass.  The  rocky  shores  of  the  islands 
in  this  region  are  covered  Avith  a  zone  of  EcJiini,  extending  from  the  ordinary  low- 
water  mark,  to  a  depth  of  half  a  fathom.  In  this  zone,  these  animals  are  so  crowded 
together  that  it  is  impossible  in  most  places  to  thrust  an  oar  to  the  bottom  without 
striking  some  of  them.  Among  them  are  found  several  varieties,  perhaps  species, 
which  an  extended  investigation  only  can  elucidate.  The  most  common  form  is  of 
a  dark  gjeen  color,  with  short  blunt  spines,  the  same,  in  fact,  as  that  found  in 
Mass.  Bay,  but  much  larger  (three  inches  in  diameter).  Among  the  younger 
specimens,  are  found  some  with  very  long  spines,  as  in  E.  virens,  Dub.  et  Kor., 


16  MARINE  INVERTEBEATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN. 

which  it  resembles.  There  are  also  sometimes  found  specimens  of  a  bright  reddish 
or  purplish  color,  depressed,  and  about  two  inches  in  diameter ;  these  resemble  E. 
neglectus,  Forbes,  D.  et  K. 

ECHINARACIINIUS  AiLANTicus,  Gray.    Very  common  on  sandy  shores  at  low  water. 

HOLOTHURIAD^E. 

CUVIERIA  FABRICII,  Dub.  et  Kor.  Holothuria  squamata,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.  Small 
specimens  were  dredged  abundantly  among  nullipores  in  live  fathoms,  and  a  number 
of  very  large  ones  were  found  attached  to  the  under  surface  of  large  shelving  rocks 
in  the  fourth  subregion  of  the  littoral  zone.  The  largest  was  four  inches  in  length, 
while  its  tentacles  had  a  spread  of  nearly  five  inches,  and  presented  a  beautiful 
area  of  bright  red  waving  plumes. 

PSOLUS  PHANTAPUS,  Jaeger.  P.  Icevigaius,  Ayres,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  25.  Common  in 
forty  fathoms,  attached  to  small  stones;  and  occasionally  found  at  low-water  mark. 
These -were  all  small  specimens.  The  large  ones  seem  to  live  buried  among 
pebbles ;  thus,  at  Eastport,  one  was  dug  from  a  depth  of  six  inches  in  gravel.  This 
measured  three  inches  in  length. 

OCNUS  ATRESII,  St.,  n.  s.  Completely  encased  in  calcareous  matter  in  the  form  of 
polygonal  plates  somewhat  variable  in  size,  but  usually  equalling  in  area  one-half 
that  of  the  disk  of  the  sucker.  These  plates  have  regular  and  equal  perforations 
in  quincunx,  smaller  in  width  than  their  interspaces.  The  suckers  are  stout,  and 
are  distributed  distantly  in  five  rows,  in  the  three  ventral  of  which  they  are  much 
larger  than  in  the  two  dorsal.  There  are  about  seven  suckers  in  each  row,  which 
are  encased  in  the  calcareous  plates  on  their  sides.  The  tentacula  are  short,  and 
have  few  blunt  branches.  The  color  is  white,  or  pale  fawn.  Length  usually  two- 
tenths  of  an  inch;  breadth  0.15  inch.  Dredged  on  shelly  bottoms  in  twenty-five 
fathoms. 

Duben  and  Koren  include  the  genus  Ocnus  of  Forbes  in  Cucumaria  (Pen(acta), 
and  seem  to  consider  the  small  number  of  feet  or  suckers  as  resulting  from  the 
immaturity  of  the  specimens  yet  examined.  But  having  seen  a  large  number  of 
specimens  of  the  species  now  proposed  as  new,  none  of  which  exceeded  three-tenths 
of  an  inch  in  length,  I  am  led  to  consider  the  fewness  and  large  comparative  size 
of  the  feet  as  constant ;  adding  to  it  a  character  not  in  Forbes's  diagnosis ; — the 
crowded  perforated  plates,  which  will  always  serve  to  distinguish  the  species  of 
this  genus  from  young  Pentactce,  and  by  which  it  forms  a  connecting  link  between 
this  latter  genus  and  Psolus. 

PENTACTA  FRONDOSA,  Jaeger.  Cucumaria  frondosa,  Forbes,  Dub.  et  Kor.  Botryo- 
dactyla  grandis,  Ayres,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  52.  B.  affinis,  Ayres,  id.  145.  Nothing 
can  exceed  the  profusion  in  which  this  species  exists  in  some  parts  of  the  islands. 
It  is  found  just  below  the  ordinary  low-water  mark  on  rocky  shores,  and  is,  there- 
fore, exposed  at  spring  tides.  I  have  seen  areas  of  several  square  rods  entirely 
occupied  by  them.  The  largest  observed  was  nine  inches  in  length  and  t^ree  wide. 
They  are  usually  black  or  dark  purple  above,  and  pale  brown  or  yellowish  below. 
Some  specimens  are  of  a  uniform  bright  yellow.  They  always  adhere  by  one  side — 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN.  17 

that  on  which  the  suckers  are  most  developed.  They  never  bury  themselves,  but 
are  found  on  the  surface  of  the  rocks,  and  sometimes  in  chinks  or  among  large 
pebbles. 

.THYONIDIUM  PRODUCTUM,  St.  Orcula  pundata,  Agass.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  1851, 
(no  descr.)  Duasmodactyla  producta,  Ayres,  1.  c.,  244.  TKis  species  is  found  in 
deep  water,  but  occurs  most  frequently  under  stones,  or  buried  to  a  slight  depth  in 
gravel  near  low-water  mark. 

Duben  and  Koren  give  in  their  generic  diagnosis  of  Thyonidium,  "tentacula  10, 
quibus  interjacent  totidem  paria  tentaculorum  triple  breviorum,"  which  character 
is  well  marked  in  this  species.  In  fact,  if  distinct,  it  is  at  least  very  closely  allied 
to  their  T.  pellucidum. 

CHIRODOTA  L^EVIS,  St.  Holothuria,lo3vis,  0.  Fabr.,  F.  G.,  353.  Si/napta  cwiacea 
Agass.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  1851,  ii.  269.  Trochinus  pallidus,  Ayres,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv. 
243.  This  species  is  fully  and  well  described  by  Otho  Fabricius,  and  his  account 
of  its  habits  applies  precisely  to  those  of  our  species,  as  I  have  often  observed  at 
Grand  Manan.  It  lives  in  the  stony  mud  of  the  shores  of  these  islands,  buried  to 
a  depth  of  a  few  inches,  usually  in  a  horizontal  position.  It  is  found  at  low  water, 
but  is  most  abundant  at  a  depth  of  four  or  five  fathoms. 

The  genus  Trochinus  of  Ayres  is  synonymous  with  CJilrodota  of  Eschscholtz 
(see  Esch.,  Zoologischer  Atlas;  also  Middendorff,  Sibirischer  Reise,  in  which  latter 
work  full  anatomical  figures  are  given) ;  the  Chirodota  of  Forbes  (Brit.  Starf.,  239) 
being  a  Synapta  (see  Duben  and  Koren,  Ofvers.  af  Skand.  Echinoderrner,  323). 
Our  Chirodota  arenata  must,  therefore,  form  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  for  which  I 
would  propose  the  name  Caudina.  It  is  well  described  by  Mr.  Ayres,  in  Bost. 
Proc.,  iv.  143.  Caudina  arenata  does  not  occur  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  notwith- 
standing its  abundance  on  every  sandy  shore  in  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Huxley,  in  Dr.  Sutherland's  Journal  of  Penny's  Voyage  to  Wellington  Channel, 
describes  a  Chirodota  which  must  be  closely  allied  to  C.  Icevis ;  but,  if  his  descrip- 
tion be  exact,  it  differs  in  the  number  of  spokes  in  the  calcareous  wheels  of  the 
skin. 


BRYOZOA. 

TCBULIPORA  PATINA,  Johnst.,  Brit.  Zooph.  The  species  which  I  consider  iden- 
tical with  T.  patina,  notwithstanding  some  differences,  is  very  common  on  our 
whole  coast.  It  is  mostly  found  on  seaweeds  in  shallow  water. 

T.  CRATES,  St.,  n.  s.  Polypidom  generally  of  large  size,  suborbicular,  sometimes 
irregularly  lobed  at  the  circumference.  Cells  very  slender,  curving  upward,  show- 
ing a  disposition  to  linear  arrangement,  and  often  rising  in  circles  around  cup- 
shaped  depressions,  where  the  tallest  (immature)  ones  have  very  minute  or  no 
apertures.  Color  white.  There  is  no  distinct  margin.  Diameter  often  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch.  Found  encrusting  Terebratulai  in  deep  water. 


18  MARINE  INVERTER  RATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN. 

T.  DIVISA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  6.  This  species  resembles  T.  flabellaris,  Johnst.,  but 
differs  in  being  much  more  deeply  divided  into  broad  lobes  or  branches ;  also  in  its 
more  erect  and  elongated  cells,  which  are  without  transverse  wrinkles.  Color 
waxen  white ;  length  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch.  Found  on  a  valve  of  Pscten, 
taken  in  the  coralline  2one  to  the  eastward  of  the  islands. 

IDMONEA  PRUINOSA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  7.  Polypidorn  erect  at  base,  the  upper 
branches  curving  over,  so  as  to  be  nearly  horizontal,  with  the  cell-bearing  surface 
upward.  Cells  arranged  in  transverse  rows  of  four  or  five,  closely  packed,  which 
rows  are  arranged  along  each  side  of  the  face  of  the  branch,  either  alternate  or 
nearly  opposite.  It  is  a  rather  thick  and  solid  species,  of  a  white  color,  bright  and 
shining.  It  grows  often  to  a  height  of  one  or  two  inches,  and  is  very  distinct  from 
the  European  species,  /.  atlantica.  It  was  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  deep 
water,  especially  on  shelly  bottoms. 

CRISIA  CRIBRARIA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  8.  Polypidom  thickly  branched,  with  the  cells 
so  crowded  as  to  form  often  two  or  three  longitudinal  rows,  in  which  they  are 
usually  opposite.  The  back  of  the  polypidom  is  flat,  or  but  slightly  convex,  pre- 
senting an  irregularly  striate  appearance.  Color  white.  Taken  in  twenty  f.,  east 
of  Duck  Island. 

C.  DENTICULATA,  Johnst.,  Brit.  Zooph.  On  a  sponge,  taken  in  ten  f.,  off  Cheney's 
Head. 

HIPPOTHOA  RUGOSA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  9.  This  appears  nearest  allied  to  H.  catenu- 
laria,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  numerous  transverse  strisc,  or  rugosities,  and  by 
its  somewhat  smaller  apertures,  in  each  of  which  a  rectangular  foramen  is  observ- 
able. It  was  found  widely  branched  on  small  pebbles  dredged  in  twenty-five 
fathoms  on  shelly  bottoms. 

LEPRALIA  ANNULATA,  Johnst.  Cellepora  annulata,  0.  Fabr.,  F.  G.  This  differs 
somewhat  from  the  descriptions,  but  is  probably  one  of  the  numerous  varieties  of 
the  species  named.  Dredged  in  deep  water,  encrusting  shells,  etc. 

L.  CANDIDA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  10.  Cells  robust,  oval,  white,  coarsely  punctate,  with 
small  apertures,  which  are  without  spines,  but  have  two  blunt  projections  result- 
ing from  a  sinus,  at  the  top.  Dredged  on  stones  in  thirty-five  f.,  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

L.  CRASSISPINA,  St.,  n.  s.  Cells  sub-globular,  distinct,  crowded,  standing  ob- 
liquely, or  sometimes  almost  erect;  with  very  minute  punctures.  Aperture  large, 
trumpet-shaped  (from  a  slightly  contracted  neck),  with  thickened  margin,  one 
stout  pointed  spine  in  the  middle  above,  and  a  long  blunt  spine  at  each  extremity 
of  the  distal  margin,  which  spines  are  often  rough  with  minute  points.  Length 
of  each  cell  one-fortieth  of  an  inch.  Color  in  life  pale  greenish.  Found  in  small 
radiating  patches  on  stones  and  shells  from  deep  water. 

L.  LABIATA,  St.,  n.  s.  Ovigerous  cells  only  of  this  species  were  observed ;  and 
in  them  the  ovarian  capsules  appeared  in  the  form  of  a  conical  chimney  on  the  top 
of  the  aperture.  The  cells  were  sculptured  with  irregular  distant  radiating  ridges, 
commencing  at  the  top  of  the  chimney,  and  spreading  out  over  the  back  of  the 
cell.  The  aperture  is  sub-oval,  truncate  behind,  and  with  the  distal  margin  ex- 
panded over  the  cell  immediately  in  front,  in  the  form  of  a  broad  lip.  Found  on 
small  pebbles  from  deep  water. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN.  19 

f 

L.  RUBENS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  11.  The  cells  of  this  species,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
figure,  resemble  those  of  Flustra  more  than  Lepralia,  being  in  straight  parallel 
series,  elongated,  with  small  truncate  apertures.  Color  bright  vermilion.  It  is  a 
common  species,  found  in  radiated  patches  encrusting  nullipores,  etc.,  in  four  or 
five  fathoms. 

CELLULARIA  TERNATA  (?),  Johnst.,  Brit.  Zooph.  Found  in  twenty  f.,  shelly  bot- 
tom, in  the  Hake  Bay. 

GEMELLARIA  DUMOSA,  St.,  n.  s.  Polypidom  white,  thick,  and  bushy,  with  the 
branches  but  slightly  diverging.  Cells  opposite,  in  pairs,  joining  each  other  by  the 
broad  dorsal  surface,  flattened,  elongated,  broadest  at  the  aperture,  which  is  ovate 
or  sub-panduriform,  narrowest  behind,  and  without  spines.  Each  pinna  has  a 
chainlike  appearance  from  the  constriction  at  the  base  of  each  pair  of  cells,  where 
it  joins  the  top  of  the  preceding  pair.  Some  of  the  bunches  taken  were  four  inches 
high.  They  were  all  more  or  less  obscured  by  extraneous  substances.  It  was 
dredged  in  ten  f.,  off  Cheney's  Head,  on  a  coarse,  sandy,  and  somewhat  weedy 
bottom. 

FLUSTRA  TRUNCATA,  Lin.  Common  in  four  £,  on  nullipore  bottoms,  among  the 
smaller  islands. 

F.  SOLIDA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  12.  Polypidom  broad,  very  thick  and  solid,  of  a  bright 
yellowish  or  cream  color.  Cells  very  long  and  narrow,  with  broadly  truncated 
apertures.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  three  or  four  inches,  with  the  branches  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  broad.  Dredged  in  twenty-five  f.,  off  the  northern  point  of 
Duck  Island. 


ACEPHALA. 

• 

TUNIC  AT  A. 

Of  the  compound  ascidians  only  two  were  observed,  and  these,  for  want  of  proper 
opportunity,  were  not  sufficiently  investigated  for  specific  designation.  One  was 
in  the  form  of  small  glistening  pellucid  masses,  variously  lobed,  with  the  aspect  of 
an  Aplidium.  This  was  common  among  the  nullipores  in  shallow  water.  The 
other  was  met  with  in  only  one  instance,  in  deep  water,  near  Duck  Island.  It  was 
a  mass  about  two  inches  in  length,  encrusting  a  tuft  of  Flustra,  of  a  bright  green 
color,  and  very  beautiful.  It  approximated  in  character  the  genus  Botrylloides. 

The  simple  ascidians  were  numerous  and  interesting.  In  addition  to  those  cata- 
logued below,  I  should  mention  that  in  one  instance  I  met  with  what  appeared  to 
be  a  Oiavellina,  but  so  mangled  by  rough  usage  in  the  dredge  as  to  be  further  un- 
distinguishable. 

ASCIDIA  CALLOSA,  St.,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  228.  Very  abundant  on  shelly  bottoms, 
affording  attachment  to  many  species  of  zoophytes. 


20  MARINE  INTERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN. 

^ 

A.  TENELLA,  St.,  1.  c.,  228.     In  thirty-five  f.,  off  Gr.  Duck  Island. 

A.  GEOMETRICA,  St.,  1.  c.,  229.     In  forty  £,  off  Long  Island. 

GLANDULA  FIBROSA,  St.,  1.  c.,  230.  Dredged  in  considerable"  numbers  on  muddy 
bottoms  in  the  coralline  zone.  They  appear  like  hard  balls  of  mud,  about  the  size 
of  an  ounce  bullet. 

G.  MOLLIS,  St.,  1.  c.,  230.     In  ten  f.  sand,  off  Cheney's  Head. 

CYNTHIA  PYRIFORMIS,  Rathke.  This  species  I  have  identified  by  European  ex- 
amples sent  me  by  M.  Sars.  They  are  perfectly  the  same.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  marine  productions  found  in  this  region,  having,  in  its  hard  velvety  sur- 
face, and  bright  pink  blush,  precisely  the  aspect  of  a  blood-peach.  In  fact,  it  is 
called  sea^peach  by  the  inhabitants.  Some  of  my  specimens  are  three  inches  in 
length.  It  lives  in  clear  water  on  rocky  bottoms  among  nullipores,  sometimes  at 
low-water  mark,  but  usually  in  four  or  five  fathoms. 

C.  ECHINATA,  St.     On  rocky  bottoms. 

BOLTENIA  RUBRA,  St.,  1.  c.,  232.  One  specimen  only  of  this  species  was  found,  on 
weedy  rocks,  in  four  fathoms. 

B.  RENIFORMIS  (?),  Macleay.     This  species  is  very  distinct  from  the  preceding, 
being  uniformly  of  a  fine  yellowish-white  color,  with  a  smooth  velvety  surface.     It 
inhabits  rocks  in  deep  water,  never  occurring  in  less  than  fourteen  fathoms.     I  am 
far  from  certain  that  it  can  be  referred  to  B.  reniformis,  but  approaches  that  species 
more  than  any  of  the  others  mentioned  by  Macleay  in  his  memoir. 


BRACIIIOPODA. 

TEREBRATULA  SEPTENTRIONALIS,  Couth.     Common. 

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 

ANOMIA  EPHIPPIUM,  L.     Roots  of  Laminarm;   very  small. 

A.  ACULEATA,  Gm.     Rather  common  in  deep  water. 

PECTEN  MAGELLANICUS,  Lam.  This  species  was  once  taken  abundantly  in  this 
locality,  and  used  by  the  inhabitants  as  food,  but  seems  now  rapidly  decreasing  in 
numbers.  It  is  now  rarely  seen  alive,  though  beds  of  dead  shells  are  often  met 
with  at  depths  of  20  and  30  fathoms,  which  afford  excellent  shelter  to  many  marine 
animals.  A  few  small  living  specimens  were  dredged  in  10  f.  sand,  near  Duck 
Island  outer  ledge. 

P.  ISLANDICUS,  Mull.  Distorted  specimens  are  occasionally  found  under  stones 
at  low  water,  but  it  usually  occurs  on  shelly  bottoms,  in  25  to  40  f. 

NUCULA  PROXIMA,  Say.     In  4  f.  sand,  off  Duck  Island  weir. 

N.  TENUIS,  Turt.     In  from  4  to  40  f.  mud. 

N.  DELPHINODONTA,  Migh.     25  f.  mud,  on  the  Hake  Ground. 

LEDA  THRACLEFORMIS,  St.,  N.  E.  Test.  Moll.,  9.     In  25  f.  mud,  off  Duck  Island. 

L.  SAPOTILLA,  St.     10  f.,  Welch  Pool. 

L.  MYALIS,  St.     20  f.  mud,  off  Duck  Island. 

L.  LIMATULA,  St.     6  f.  mud. 


MARINE  INYERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN.  21 

L.  TENUISULCATA,  St.     Common  on  muddy  bottoms. 

MYTILUS  DECUSSATUS,  Mont.  Found  at  low-water  mark,  attached  to  the  under 
side  of  stones  by  a  byssus.  Also  in  40  f.  gravel. 

M.  CORRUGATUS,  St.     35  f.  gravel,  on  the  Hake  Ground. 

M.  DISCORS,  Lin.  Found  in  nests  formed  of  various  marine  substances,  under 
stones  at  low  water,  and  to  a  depth  of  40  f. 

M.  LEVIGATUS,  St.     Dead  in  35  f.  gravel. 

M.  DISCREPANS,  Mont.  Common  at  various  depths;  sometimes  growing  very 
large — one  occurred  li  in.  in  length. 

M.  MODIOLUS,  L.  This  species  here  inhabits  the  shores,  being  seldom  found  in 
deep  water. 

M.  EDULIS,  L.     Very  abundant  at  low-water  mark,  but  usually  small. 

THYASIRA  GOULDII,  St.  In  4  f.  sand,  off  Duck  Island  weir;  large  specimens  in 
25  f.  mud. 

CARDITA  BOREALIS,  Con.  Duck  Island,  at  low  water  under  stones,  attached  by 
a  minute  byssus.  In  deep  water  it  is  large  and  very  common. 

ASTARTE  SULCATA,  Flem.     Common  in  deep  water  on  muddy  bottoms. 

A.  QUADRANS,  Gould.     Occurs  very  rarely  here. 

CYPRINA  ISLANDICA,  Lam.     Rarely  found. 

CARDIUM  ISLANDICUM,  Linn.  Full-grown  specimens,  dead,  are  common  on  nulli- 
pore  bottoms,  in  3  to  6  f. ;  the  young,  alive,  are  dredged  in  20  to  40  f.  mud. 

C.  PINNULATUM,  Con.     In  4  f.,  coarse  sand. 

MACTRA  PONDEROSA,  Phil.  Common  in  sand  at  low  water,  buried  at  a  depth  of  4 
inches. 

M.  SOLIDISSIMA,  Chemn.     Found  sparingly  accompanying  M.  ponderosa. 

TELLINA  FTJSCA,  Phil.     Inhabits  the  higher  levels  of  the  littoral  zone. 

T.  PROXIMA,  Brown.     Among  nullipores  on  sandy  ground,  at  low  water,  and  in  4  f. 

SOLEN  ENSIS,  L.     At  low  water,  in  sand;  rare. 

THRACIA  TRUNCATA,  Migh.     In  10  f.  coarse  sand,  off  Cheney's  Head. 

T.  MYOPSIS,  Beck,  in  Moller's  Index  Molluscorum  Groenlandias.  Comparison  with 
specimens  of  this  species  from  Greenland  has  convinced  me  of  its  identity  with  my 
T.  Couthouyi.  I  was  misled  by  the  inaccuracy  of  Moller's  description,  especially  in 
giving  "ossiculum  nullum."  I  have  observed  the  ossiculum  in  several  specimens. 

T.  CONRADI,  Couth.     Rare. 

LYONSIA  IIYALINA,  Con.     In  10  f.  sand,  ofi'  Cheney's  Head. 

PANDORA  TRILINEATA,  Say.     In  5  f.  mud. 

NE^ERA  PELLUCIDA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  13.  Shell  small,  thin,  pale  white,  subovate, 
ventricose  anteriorly,  and  contracted  posteriorly  into  a  short  but  distinct  rostrum. 
Beaks  small,  tumid,  and  placed  a  little  before  the  middle.  Surface  nearly  smooth 
about  the  beaks,  with  irregular,  distant  striae  of  growth  near  the  margin,  which 
become  sharp  and  well-marked  on  the  rostrum.  Within,  smooth  and  glossy; 
teeth  very  minute.  Epidermis  white,  sometimes  pale  greenish  on  the  beaks,  and 
brownish  on  the  rostrum.  Length,  .19  inch;  height,  .12  inch;  width,  .11  inch. 

It  is  the  first  of  this  genus  taken  on  our  coast,  and  resembles  the  young  of  N. 
4 


22  MARINE  INYERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

cuspidata,  F.  et  H.  (TJi.  brevirosiris,  Brown),  more  than  any  other  European  species. 
It  was  taken  in  40  f.,  on  a  muddy  bottom,  off  Long  Island. 

PANOP^EA  NORVEGICA,  Loven.  Taken  (dead)  in  forty  f.,  on  the  Hake  Ground. 
This  is  the  first  instance  of  its  occurrence  on  the  N.  E.  coast. 

MYA  TRUNCATA,  Linn.  Found  in  considerable  numbers  under  stones  near  low- 
water  mark,  at  Duck  Island. 

M.  ARENARIA,  L.     Common  in  the  coves. 

SAXICAVA  RUGOSA,  Lam.  Large  and  common  at  low  water,  but  small  when 
found  in  deep  water. 

S.  ARCTICA,  Desh.     Occurs  occasionally  in  deep  water. 

PHOLAS  CRISPATA,  L.     Occurs  very  rarely. 


GASTEROPODA. 

PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

DENTALIUM  STRIOLATUM,  St.  Very  common  on  muddy  bottoms  in  the  coralline 
zone. 

CHITON  ALBUS,  L.  Found  among  nullipores  in  4  f.,  and  occasionally  at  low  water. 
Those  taken  in  the  coralline  zone  are  nearly  blaqk. 

C.  RUBER,  Linn. 

C.  MARMOREUS,  0.  Fabr.  These  two  species  are  excessively  abundant  just 
below  low-water  mark,  on  rocky  bottoms,  especially  on  the  various  species  of 
Nullipora.  To  take  a  hundred  or  more  in  one  dredgeful  from  this  ground  is  by  no 
means  uncommon.  They  are  easily  distinguished  from  each  other  by  their  mar- 
gins, that  of  C.  marmoreus  being  smooth  and  leathery,  while  that  of  C.  ruler  is 
granulated.  The  marmoreus  also  grows  much  larger  than  the  ruler  ;  specimens  of 
the  former  are  commonly  more  than  an  inch  in  length. 

C.  MENDICARIUS,  Migh.  A  few  fine  specimens  of  this  rare  species  were  dredged 
(alive)  in  35  f.,  in  the  Hake  Bay.  Besides  Dr.  Mighels's  specimen,  they  are  the 
only  ones  now  known. 

PILIDIUM  C^CUM.  Patella  <xeca,  Mull.  P.  Candida,  Couth.  Pilidium  candidum, 
St.,  N.  E.  Test.  Moll.  I  have  been  able  to  identify  our  species  with  the  European 
by  specimens  sent  me  by  Sars.  It  is  not  unfrequent  at  Grand  Manan,  in  the  coral- 
line zone. 

TECTURA  TESTUDINALIS,  Gray.  Common  in  the  third  and  fourth  subregions  of 
the  littoral  zone,  of  a  very  large  size. 

CALYPTR^EA  STRIATA,  Say.  Specimens  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter  are  not 
uncommon  in  deep  water.  I  am  quite  confident  that  it  will  jrove  a  new  species, 
but  have  no  southern  examples  of  the  type  for  comparison. 

DIADORA  NOACHINA,  Gray.     During  a  low  spring  tide,  in  August,  I  obtained  a 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN.  23 

large  number  of  this  species  from  the  under  surfaces  of  large  stones,  near  low-water 
mark.     It  has  been  hitherto  found,  both  here  and  in  Europe,  only  in  deep  water. 

TROCHUS  OCCIDENTALIS,  Migh.  In  25  to  40  £,  in  the  Hake  Bay.  The  specimens 
were  very  large  and  beautiful,  especially  when  alive.  The  animal  has  four  lateral 
cirri,  thus  differing  from  other  Trochi,  which  have  three;  and  from  Margarita, 
which  has  five. 

MARGARITA  CINEREA,  Gould.     Inhabits  shelly  and  pebbly  bottoms  in  deep  water. 

M.  OBSCURA,  Gould.  On  sandy  bottoms  in  the  laminarian  zone,  as  off  Ross's 
Island. 

M.  UNDULATA,  Sow.     On  weedy,  rocky,  and  nullipore  bottoms,  in  shallow  water. 

M.  ARGENTATA,  Gould.  Taken  alive  in  4  f.,  coarse  sand,  off  Duck  Island  boat 
moorings. 

M.  HELICINA,  Moll.  Common  on  the  marine  plants  which  cover  the  rocks  above 
low-water  mark.  It  is  particularly  abundant  on  the  Long  Island  shore. 

M.  ACUMINATA,  Sow.,  Migh.  In  40  f.,  on  a  soft  muddy  bottom,  off  the  Swallow's 
Tail. 

ADEORBIS  COSTUXATA,  St.  Dead  specimens  were  taken  in  4  f.,  coarse  sand,  off 
Nantucket  Island. 

LITTORINA  RUDIS,  Gould.  Everywhere  above  low-water  mark,  on  rocks  and  sea- 
weeds. 

L.  LITTORALIS,  F.  et  H.  Found  with  the  last,  and  even  more  common.  Dark 
varieties  only  occur;  the  banded  and  finely-colored  specimens,  so  commonly  found 
in  Massachusetts  Bay,  are  very  rare  here. 

LACUNA  VINCTA,  Turt.  The  variety  common  here  is  strong,  broad,  pale  brown, 
with  one  white  band  just  under  the  suture. 

EISSOA  EBURNEA,  St.     In  25  f.,  shelly  bottom. 

R.  ACULEUS,  St.     In  the  littoral  zone ;  rare. 

R.  MIGHELSII,  St.     In  25  £,  off  the  northern  point  of  Duck  Island. 

R.  PELAGICA,  St.     Rather  common  in  the  coralline  zone. 

TURRITELLA  cosTULATA,  Migh.     In  deep  water ;  rare. 

T.  EROSA,  Couth.     Dredged  in  40  f.,  muddy  bottom,  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

T.  ACICULA,  St.  Dredged  in  4  f.,  sand,  off  Point  Franklin,  and  also  found  alive, 
at  low-water  mark,  under  stones. 

APORRHAIS  OCCIDENTALIS,  Beck.  This  fine  species  was  dredged  alive,  for  the 
first  time,  on  a  gravelly  bottom  in  35  f.,  to  the  north-east  of  the  Island.  Among 
the  living  specimens  were  both  young  and  adult,  the  animals  of  which  I  have 
figured  and  described  in  my  notes.  They  confirm  the  conjectures  with  regard  to 
the  proper  genus  to  which  it  belongs,  which  have  been  founded  on  the  shell  alone ; 
for  the  animal  agrees  in  all  important  particulars  with  that  of  A.  pespelicani  of 
Europe. 

SCALARIA  GRONLANDICA,  Gould.  On  pebbly  and  shelly  bottoms,  in  from  10  to  60 
fathoms. 

MENESTHO  ALBULA,  Moll.  Dredged  frequently  alive  on  sandy  bottoms,  in  the 
laminarian  and  coralline  zones. 

CHEMNITZIA  NIVEA,  St.     Frequent  in  35  fathoms,  in  the  Hake  Bay. 


24  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

NATICA  FLAVA,  Gould.  Taken  in  50  fathoms,  mud,  some  miles  off  the  Swallow's 
Tail. 

N.  HEROS,  Say.  In  sheltered  muddy  bays,  about  low-water  mark ;  rarely  found. 
The  specimens  were  all  of  the  northern,  short-spired  type,  and  of  a  very  thin 
structure,  with  well-developed  epidermis. 

N.  TRISERIATA,  Say.  At  Fisher's  Cove,  in  the  littoral  zone,  and  in  10  fathoms, 
off  Cheney's  Head. 

N.  GRONLANDICA,  Beck.     Inhabits  very  deep  water  in  this  region. 

N.  IMMACULATA,  Tott.  Rather  common  on  the  sands  of  Fisher's  Cove  at  low 
water,  and  more  rarely  occurring  at  various  depths,  to  25  fathoms. 

N.  CLAUSA,  Brod.  et  Sow.  Taken  in  25  fathoms,  gravel,  off  the 'northern  point  of 
Duck  Island. 

VELUTINA  HALIOTOIDES,  Moll. 

V.  ZONATA,  Gould.  Very  large  specimens  of  this  and  the  preceding  species  are 
taken  in  the  laminarian  zone,  this  inhabiting,  however,  deeper  water  than  the  for- 
mer, which  occasionally  occurs  at  low  water. 

LAMELLARIA  PERSPICUA,  Loven.  Inhabits  rocks  in  the  coralline  zone.  It  is 
rarely  taken  by  the  dredge,  however,  from  its  preferring  the  crevices  of  the  ledges 
to  their  upper  surfaces. 

ADMETE  VTRIDULA,  St.     Common  on  shelly  bottoms,  in  the  coralline  zone. 

TRICHOTROPIS  BOREALIS,  Brod.  et  Sow.  Rarely  taken  alive,  though  dead  shells  are 
not  uncommon  in  the  coralline  zone. 

PURPURA  LAPILLUS,  Lam.    A  large,  thick,  dark  chocolate-colored  variety  is  common. 

NASSA  TRIVITTATA,  Say.  This  species  must  be  exceedingly  rare  here,  notwith- 
standing its  abundance  further  south,  as  only  one  specimen  was  found. 

BUCCINUM  UNDATUM,  Linn.  This  species  is  exceedingly  abundant  here  in  the 
lower  levels  of  the  littoral  zone.  It  is  seldom  found  in  deep  water,  though  a 
beautifully  sculptured  specimen  sometimes  occurs  in  the  coralline  zone. 

TRITONIUM  ISLANDICUM,  Loven.  Found  at  all  depths  from  low-water  mark  to  40 
fathoms. 

T.  PYGMJEUM,  St.     Found  on  muddy  and  sandy  bottoms,  at  various  depths. 

T.  DECEMCOSTATUM,  Midd.  Common  at  low-water  mark,  and  at  various  depths 
to  40  fathoms. 

T.  CLATHRATUM,  Mull.  On  a  patch  of  shelly  bottom,  about  two  miles  north  of 
Duck  Island,  this  rare  species  is  common  as  dead  shells,  but  living  specimens 
occurred  in  only  two  instances. 

FASCI^ARIA  LIGATA,  Migh.  Several  of  this  fine  species  were  taken  in  25  fathoms, 
in  the  Hake  Bay. 

COLOMBELLA  ROSACEA,  St.     Living  specimens  are  by  no  means  rare  in  deep  water. 

C.  DISSIMILIS,  St.  This  species  occurred  only  once,  but  then  in  great  numbers, 
at  a  haul  of  the  dredge  on  a  sandy  spot  in  8  fathoms,  about  two  miles  north-east  of 
Cheney's  Head. 

MANGELIA  TURRICULA,  F.  et  H.    In  twenty-five  f.,  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

M.  PYRAMIDALIS,  St.  The  specimens  from  this  region  are  mostly  shorter  and 
broader  than  usual.  Taken  occasionally  at  low  water. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  25 

M.  CANCELLATA,  St.     Dredged  alive  in  twenty-five  f.,  shelly,  off  Duck  Island. 
M.  DECUSSATA,  St.     Specimens  here  are  very  small  and  variable. 


TECTIBRANCHIATA. 

BULLA  niEMALiS,  Couth.     In  forty  f.,  mud,  off  Long  Island. 
B.  TRITICEA,  Couth.     Common. 

B.  PERTENUIS,  High.     In  ten  f.,  sand,  off  Cheney's  Head. 

B.  DEBILIS,  Gould.  Taken  alive  in' six  f.,  coarse  sand,  off  Duck  Island  boat  moor- 
ings. 

PHILINE  LINEOLATA,  St.     Common  in  the  shallows  among  the  lower  islands. 

Besides  the  species  above  catalogued,  a  few  probably  new  species  of  univalves 
occurred,  which  have  not  yet  been  determined  for  want  of  opportunity  of  compa- 
rison with  European  examples  of  the  same  genera. 

NUDIBRANCHIATA. 

CANTHOPSIS  HARVARDIENSIS,  Agass.,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  191  (no  descr.).  A  good 
colored  drawing  of  this  remarkable  mollusk  is  in  Professor  Agassiz's  possession.  It 
is  very  common  in  sheltered  muddy  bays  in  this  region,  feeding  on  filamentous 
chlorosperms  about  low-water  mark. 

EOLIS  FARINACEA,  Gould,  MSS.  This  fine  species  approaches  E.  angulata,  A. 
et  H.,  Brit.  Nudib.,  PL  23,  but  is  much  larger,  being  sometimes  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  length.  Its  color  is  also  different,  being  made  up  of  numerous  flake-white 
blotches  and  dots  on  a  dark  fawn  ground.  The  papillse  are  short  and  very  nume- 
rous, so  closely  arranged  that  their  grouping  into  rows  can  scarce  be  distinguished. 
It  is  very  numerous,  spawning  on  the  rocks  above  low-water  mark  in  August. 

EOLIS  STELLATA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  small,  slender,  elongated,  pale  white,  pellucid ; 
head  with  a  flake-white  patch  above  in  front  of  the  oral  tentacles.  Dorsal  tentacles 
long,  but  shorter  than  the  orals,  slender,  wrinkled  transversely,  especially  in  con- 
traction. They  arise  very  near  together,  and  bear  the  prominent  black  eyes  at 
their  bases  behind.  Oral  tentacles  very  long  and  slender,  smooth,  and  gracefully 
curved.  Papillae  or  branchiae  rather  few  in  number,  long  and  slender,  arranged  in 
about  five  clusters  on  each  side ;  those  in  the  second  and  third  clusters  being 
longest.  Foot  narrow,  pointed  behind,  and  strongly  auricled  in  front.  Colors : 
papillae  bright  crimson,  tipped  with  a  ring  of  opaque  white ;  tentacles  pale  pink 
near  their  bases,  with  their  anterior  halves  white.  Length,  two-fifths  of  an  inch. 
This  species  resembles  somewhat  E.  rufibranchialis,  Johnst.,  but  its  foot  is  not  so 
long,  nor  its  dorsal  tentacles  so  tapering ;  and  its  papillae  are  fewer  and  longer.  It 
is  found  under  stones  at  low-water  mark,  and  when  disturbed  rolls  itself  up  so 
that  its  branchiae  project  in  all  directions  like  the  rays  of  a  star. 

E.  PURPUREA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  large,  full,  robust;  tentacles  rather  short,  thick, 
smooth  ;  the  dorsal  ones  with  the  eyes  far  behind  their  bases.  Papillae  large,  flat- 
tened, crowded,  arranged  in  five  or  six  clusters  on  each  side,  leaving  the  middle 


26  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN. 

third  of  the  body  bare.  Foot  broad,  with  short  auricles  in  front.  Mouth-disk 
large,  triangular.  Colors :  body  pale  whitish,  dark  in  the  middle  line  from  the 
viscera  showing  through ;  papillae  dark  purplish,  with  the  tips  covered  with  intense 
white  specks.  Length  one  inch.  Found  at  Duck  Island,  under  stones,  at  low 
water. 

E.  DIYERSA,  Couth.,  Bost.  Journ.,  ii.  187.  The  examples  described  by  Couthouy 
were  undoubtedly  mutilated,  and  I  have  heard  it  suggested  that  the  species  should 
be  exploded.  At  Grand  Manan,  however,  I  found  specimens  agreeing  with  his 
description  in  the  tentacles,  color,  etc.,  and  prefer  to  catalogue  them  for  the  present 
under  this  name.  They  occurred  in  4  f.  on  Laminarice. 

E.  MANANENSIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  pale  white;  tentacles  rather  thick; — the  dorsal 
ones  brownish  with  pale  tips,  looking  as  if  hollow,  wrinkled; — the  oral  blunt,  curved, 
with  a  row  of  opaque-white  specks  along  the  outer  edge ;  papillae  slender,  irregular, 
and  variable  in  length,  arranged  in  clusters  along  the  sides  of  the  back,  of  a  bright 
vermilion  color,  with  a  ring  of  opaque-white  at  the  tips.  Foot  auricled,  not  very 
broad.  Length  one  inch  and  a  half.  It  is  narrower  than  E.  salmonacea,  has 
fewer  papillae,  and  the  dorsal  tentacles  are  wrinkled  instead  of  serrated.  It  was 
taken  in  35  f.,  on  a  gravelly  bottom  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

DOTO  CORONATA,  Loven.,  Arch.  Skand.  Nat.,  151.  A  pale  brown  variety,  with 
the  papillae  dotted  with  white,  was  dredged  on  rocks  in  15  f.,  near  Duck  Island. 

DENDRONOTUS  ARBORESCENS,  A.  et  H.,  I.  pi.  iii.  Fine  large  specimens  are  taken 
at  low  water,  and  in  all  parts  of  the  laminarian  zone,  on  rocky  bottoms.  The  most 
common  variety  is  white  or  colorless.  The  ova  were  deposited  in  August. 

ANCULA  SULPHUREA,  St.,  n.  s.  This  species  approaches  so  near  to  A.  cristata, 
Loven,  that  perhaps  the  best  mode  of  describing  it  will  be  to  point  out  the  differ- 
ences. It  is  much  larger  in  size,  being  often  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length  ;  and 
proportionally  broader.  The  mouth  tentacles  are  longer;  and  the  processes  from 
the  dorsals  arise  at  their  bases,  rather  from  the  body  than  the  tentacles.  The 
laminas  also  in  the  dorsal  tentacles  are  more  numerous.  The  number  of  branchial 
tentaculiform  appendages  varies  from  eight  to  twelve ;  they  are  of  a  light  sulphur 
color.  The  ova  are  deposited  in  a  gelatinous  belt,  often  three  inches  long,  attached 
by  one  edge  in  a  serpentine  manner  to  the  rocks.  It  is  very  common  under  stones 
at  low  water,  and  in  the  laminarian  zone. 

DORIS  PLANULATA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  14.  Body  broad,  depressed;  mantle  expanded 
widely  beyond  the  foot,  covered  above  with  minute  tubercles,  and  white  with  a  row 
of  irregular  bright  yellow  spots  down  each  side  just  without  the  margin  of  the  foot. 
Dorsal  tentacles  elongated,  slender;  branchiae  very  small,  consisting  of  about  ten 
delicate  pinnated  plumes.  Foot  narrow,  truncated  anteriorly,  and  extending  pos- 
teriorly to  the  edge  of  the  mantle.  Mouth  very  small,  with  a  flat  triangular  lobe 
on  each  side.  Length  0.6  inch;  breadth  0.45  inch.  It  differs  but  slightly  from  D. 
repanda,  A.  et  H. 

DORIS  PALLIDA,  Ag.,  Bost.  Proc.,  iii.  191  (no  descr.).  This  species  is  remarkable 
for  the  large  size  of  the  tubercles  of  the  cloak.  It  is  perhaps  D.  fusca,  0.  Fabr., 
F.  G.  344  (non  Mull.),  and  resembles  much  D.  diaphana,  A.  et  H.  It  was  taken 
in  25  f.  gravel,  off  the  northern  point  of  Duck  Island. 


MARINE  INYERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  27 

Besides  the  above  nudibranches,  a  specimen  of  a  remarkable  and  probably  new 
form,  was  taken,  but  it  is  not  here  systematically  characterized,  as  only  a  few 
rough  notes  of  it  remain,  it  having  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  the  voracious  jaws  of  certain 
Dendronoti  shortly  after  its  discovery.  Some  idea  of  its  form  may  be  derived  from 
Fig.  15.  It  approached  Eolis  in  the  characters  of  the  head  and  tentacula,  while 
its  branchias  were  in  the  form  of  numerous  scalloped  transverse  ridges,  or  raised 
membranes.  It  was  of  a  dark  reddish-brown  color,  dotted  with  black ;  except  the 
foot,  which  was  white. 


CEPHALOPODA. 

LOLIGO  BARTRAMII,  (?)  Les.,  J.  A.  N.  S.,  ii.  92.  A  species  of  Loligo  is  common 
here  during  some  seasons,  and  is  used  by  the  fishermen  for  bait.  I  did  not  meet 
with  it  myself,  but  from  their  accounts  I  am  inclined  to  refer  it  to  the  above 
name. 


DENDROCCELA. 

For  the  elucidation  of  this  part  of  my  subject,  I  am  indebted  to  my  friend,  Mr. 
Charles  Girard,  who  has  for  some  time  devoted  himself  to  the  subject,  and  to  whom 
I  referred  my  notes  and  specimens. 

PLANARID^E. 

PROCERODES  WHEATLANDII,  Grd.,  Bost.  Proc.,  iv.  251.  Under  stones  near  high- 
water  mark. 

TYPHLOLEPTA  ACUTA,  Grd.,  n.  s.  Body  depressed,  ovoid,  elongated,  posteriorly 
rounded ;  anterior  extremity  terminating  in  an  acute  point ;  mouth  underneath, 
and  situated  at  about  the  middle  of  the  body.  Length  about  a  sixteenth  of  an 
inch.  Ground  color  pale,  with  reddish  confluent  blotches  above.  Found  in  con- 
siderable numbers  creeping  over  the  surface  of  Chirodota  Icevis. 

LEPTOPLANA  ELLIPSOIDES,  Grd.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  16.  Greatest  length  one  inch,  width 
about  five-eighths  of  an  inch.  Color  light  yellowish-brown  above,  gray  beneath. 
Two  anterior  elongated  and  narrow  gray  patches,  and  two  posterior  ones,  rounded 
and  black,  situated  immediately  behind,  and  farther  apart.  These  patches,  at  first, 
appear  as  if  two  simple  pairs  of  visual  organs;  but  on  close  examination  with  a 
magnifying-glass,  they  are  resolved  into  an  agglomeration  of  minute  and  black 
specks.  This  species  swims  by  rapid  undulations,  somewhat  as  in  Aplysia.  One 


28  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

was  observed  by  Mr.  Stimpson  thus  supporting  itself  in  the  water  for  nearly  two 
minutes  before  it  took  ground  again.  Found  at  low  water,  under  stones,  in  four 
f.,  nullipores,  and  in  thirty  f.,  shelly  bottom. 


POSEIDON  AFFINIS,  Grd.,  n.  s.  Body  very  slender,  nearly  filiform,  about  two 
inches  in  length  when  extended  and  in  activity.  Color  clear  reddish  above,  white 
below.  Two  elongated  clusters  of  eyes  at  the  anterior  extremity.  Mouth  under- 
neath, situated  behind  the  visual  clusters.  In  the  laminarian  zone. 


NAKED  A,  Grd.,  n.  g. 

Body  elongated,  sub-cylindrical.  Head  obtusely  triangular  in  front;  neck  slightly 
contracted  ;  one  pair  of  rounded  ocelli. 

N.  SUPERBA,  Grd.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  17.  Length  from  one  to  two  inches ;  body  poste- 
riorly attenuated ;  head  forming  an  equilateral  triangle ;  the  base  of  which  is  at 
the  contracted  neck.  Color  above  uniform  soft  red ;  head  margined  by  a  narrow 
band  of  white.  The  neck  is  also  marked  by  a  transverse  band  of  white,  on  which 
the  eyes  are  situated,  far  apart.  Below  white.  Dredged  in  thirty-five  f.,  in  the 
Hake  Bay. 

TETRASTEMMA  SERPENTINA,  Grd.,  Kell.  et  Tied.,  Nordam.  Monatsb.,  ii.  4.  Under 
stones,  in  the  higher  levels  of  the  littoral  zone. 

OMATOPLEA  STIMPSONII,  Grd.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  18.  Length  usually  about  six  inches, 
often  ten  or  more.  Width  in  extension  one-eighth  of  an  inch ;  in  contraction  often 
one-half  inch.  Body  sub-compressed,  rounded  above,  and  flat  below.  Head 
pointed,  separated  from  the  body  by  a  slightly  contracted  neck.  Posterior  ex- 
tremity tapering.  Eyes  six  or  more,  minute,  situated  in  an  oblique,  simple  row, 
on  either  side  of  the  head  anteriorly.  Mouth  terminal.  Color  brown  above,  with 
a  white  margin  to  the  head;  a  narrow  band  of  white,  convex  forward,  across  the 
middle  of  the  head ;  and  a  sub-triangular,  somewhat  elongated  patch  of  white  on 
each  side,  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  head  and  neck.  It  is  common  at  low- 
water  mark  under  stones. 

POLIA  OBSCURA,  St.  Nemertes  obscura,  Desor.,  Bost.  Journ.,  vi.  2.  Polia  gracilis, 
Grd.,  K.  et  T.,  Nord.  Monatsb.,  ii.  4.  Common  in  the  1st  subr.,  littoral  zone. 


GEPHYREA. 

SIPUNCULUS  BERNHARDUS,  Forbes.  Phascolosoma  Bernhardus,  Pourtales,  Proc. 
Am.  Assoc.  1851.  Common  %  the  coralline  zone,  in  shells  of  Dentalium  espe- 
cially. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OP  GRAND  MANAN.  29 

STERNASPIS  FOSSOR,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  19.  Body  subglobular  in  contraction,  narrowed 
anteriorly,  and  annulate  with  fifteen  or  more  slightly  elevated  rings.  These  rings 
are  narrow,  and  dotted  with  minute  papillae  toward  the  posterior  or  plate-bearing 
extremity,  except  on  the  smooth  ventral  surface ;  while  they  are  broader  and  bet- 
ter marked  toward  the  involute  anterior  terminal  opening  or  mouth.  At  the  pos- 
terior extremity  below  are  placed  two  hard,  black,  corneous,  subquadrate  plates, 
nearly  joining  each  other  at  their  anterior  interior  corners,  but  separated  by  the 
median  line,  which  is  continued  for  a  short  distance  beyond  them  on  the  ventral 
surface  of  the  animal.  Each  of  these  plates  is  indistinctly  marked  with  lines  of 
growth,  and  bears  a  prominent  diagonal  line  separating  it  into  two  unequal  areas, 
the  posterior  of  which  is  the  largest.  From  beneath  the  posterior  and  the  lateral 
edges  of  the  plates  project  strong  bristles,  those  from  the  lateral  edges  being  much 
the  longest.  The  anterior  extremity  of  the  animal,  when  the  mouth  is  evolved,  is 
bipapillate ;  each  knob  having  two  or  three  concentric  semicircles  of  strong  short 
bristles.  The  general  color  is  cinereous,  and  the  greatest  length  about  one  inch. 
It  lives  on  muddy  bottoms  in  the  coralline  zone,  and  when  in  confinement  is  very 
active,  boring  into  the  mud  with  great  celerity,  in  a  manner  resembling  that  of 
the  foot  of  Solen,  or  perhaps  that  of  the  proboscis  of  Arenicola. 


ANNULATA. 

TUBICOL^. 

SPIRORBIS  SPIRILLUM,  Lam.  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  8.  On  seaweeds  at  low  water, 
very  common. 

S.  NAUTILOIOES,  Lam.,  An.  sans  vert.,  v.  359.     On  shells,  etc. 

S.  VITREA,  St.  Serpula  vitrea,  O.  Fabr.,  F.  G.,  p.  382.  A  specimen  was  taken  on 
a  Pecten  in  20  f.,  which  agrees  perfectly  with  the  description  of  Fabricius. 

S.  PORRECTA.  Serpula  porrecta,  Miill.,  0.  Fabr.,  F.  G.,  p.  378.  Found  chiefly  on 
/Sertularice  and  other  corallines. 

S.  QUADRANGULARIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Tubes  large,  thick,  and  strong,  white,  somewhat 
rugose  with  lines  of  growth ;  under-side  flat,  upper  surface  with  two  strong  carinae, 
one  on  each  side ;  so  that  a  transverse  section  of  the  tube  is  a  square.  Aperture 
rounded  within  and  turned  upwards.  Diameter  one-eighth  of  an  inch.  Taken  in 
10  f.  on  shells. 

S.  GRANULATA.  Serpula  granulata,  Miill.,  Prodr.,  2857.  Common  on  stones, 
shells,  and  the  carapaces  of  crabs  in  20  to  50  f. 

VERMILIA  SERRULA,  St.,  n.  s.     Tubes  thick,  very  small;  the  largest  having  a 

length  of  one  inch,  a  breadth  of  one-fortieth  of  an  inch,  and  a  height  somewhat 

greater  than  the  breadth.     It  is  generally  straight  or  slightly  undulated,  with  the 

base  somewhat  expanded,  the  dorsal  carina  very  prominent,  sharp,  and  furnished 

5 


30  MARINE  INVERTEBKATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

with  large  teeth.     It  is  frequent  on  the  test  of  Ascidia  callosa,  and  sometimes  on 
Pfctens  from  deep  water. 

PROTULA  MEDIA,  St.,  n.  s.  Tubes  large,  cylindrical,  rather  thick  and  strong, 
marked  with  indistinct  lines  of  growth,  irregularly  and  variably  contorted,  and 
adhering  throughout  their  length.  Animal  pale  yellowish ;  disk  broad,  mem- 
branous, very  thin  and  delicate,  with  a  scalloped  margin,  and  extending  much 
beyond  the  extremities  of  bristles  of  the  seven  segments  it  occupies.  On  the 
succeeding  40  to  50  segments  there  are  no  long  bristles,  while  those  of  the  last  20  + 
segments  are  very  long  and  hair-like.  Branchial  plumes  moderately  large,  of  a 
very  pale  yellowish  tint.  The  tentacula  of  each  are  about  3G  in  number,  arranged 
in  a  spiral  of  one  turn  and  a  quarter,  with  a  thin  raised  membrane  encircling  their 
bases  within.  These  plumes  usually  drop  off  in  specimens  preserved  in  alcohol, 
and  disclose  two  black  dots  corresponding  to  the  two  plume-bases  which  look  very 
much  like  eyes.  The  tubes  are  often  six  inches  or  more  in  length,  with  a  diame- 
ter at  the  aperture  of  one-fifth  of  an  inch.  It  is  dredged  on  muddy  and  gravelly 
bottoms  in  the  coralline  zone,  attached  almost  invariably  to  dead  valves  of  Pkcten 
Magellanicus.  It  was  very  abundant  at  a  spot  directly  under  the  45th  parallel  of 
latitude,  half  way  between  the  equator  and  the  pole,  from  which  circumstance  I 
have  derived  its  name,  for  want  of  a  better. 

SABELLA  PAVONINA,  Sav.,  Grube,  Fam.  der  Ann.,  88.  Tubularia  penicillus,  0. 
Fabr.,  F.  G.,  p.  438  (in  part).  This  species  as  found  here  is  rather  short  and 
broad,  of  a  pale  white  color,  with  the  tentacles  (which  are  about  24  in  number) 
white  below  and  brownish  towards  their  extremities.  The  tube  is  long,  erect, 
leathery,  and  evenly  coated  with  sand  on  the  outside.  It  inhabits  deep  water. 

S.  ZONALIS,  St.  Tubularia  penicillus,  O.  Fabr.  (in  part).  Of  a  dark-brownish 
color,  with  about  20  tentacula,  which  are  colored  with  brown  and  white  arranged 
alternately  in  narrow  zones.  It  is  a  more  elongated  species  than  the  former. 
Found  in  4  f.  among  nullipores ;  the  specimens  taken  having  their  tubes  thickly 
coated  with  mud. 

PECTINARIA  GROENLANDICA,(?)  Grube.  P.  Belyica,  curved  var.,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass., 
pi.  i.  f.  i.  Very  common  on  sandy  and  muddy  bottoms  in  deep  water,  and  at  low- 
water  mark  on  the  sand-flats  of  Fisher's  Cove. 


H  MARA,  St.,  n.  g. 

This  genus  is  nearest  allied  to  Terebella,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  following 
characters.  The  body  is  elongated,  and  not  suddenly  thickened  anteriorly,  but 
tapers  regularly  to  the  posterior  blunt  extremity.  The  setae,  of  both  kinds,  exist 
on  all  the  segments  of  the  body  (42  +)  instead  of  the  anterior  ones  only;  the  aciculae, 
commencing  at  the  second  segment,  being  very  long;  and  the  uncinate  setae,  com- 
mencing at  the  fourth  segment,  being  bidentate  in  front,  with  a  strong,  sharp  pro- 
jection at  the  dorsal  apex,  and  having  no  projections  corresponding  to  the  lateral 
ones  in  Terebella.  (See  Fig.  20.)  The  ventral  shields  are  oblong,  nearly  touching 
the  lateral  pinnae,  and  extend  entire  to  about  the  17th  segment;  where  a  median 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  31 

depressed  line  commences,  running  on  the  remaining  length  of  the  body.  The 
branchiae  are  on  the  first  two  segments.  The  neck  is  provided  with  a  ring  of  eye- 
spots,  numerous  and  variable  in  size,  under  the  labia  of  the  tentaculiferous  disk. 
On  the  22d  segment,  at  the  right  side,  just  above  and  behind  the  superior  pinna, 
arise  two  long  tube-like  cirri,  which  in  one  of  my  specimens  are  filled  with  eggs  (?). 
It  inhabits  a  tube  of  a  thin  leathery  structure. 

I  at  first  considered  the  animals  above  described  as  immature,  on  account  of  the 
presence  of  eyes  at  the  neck;  as  Prof.  Agassiz  states  such  to  be  the  case  in  young 
specimens  of  his  Terebella  fulgida.  (See  Bost.  Proc.,  iii.  191.)  But  having,  among 
many  specimens,  observed  none  larger  or  further  developed,  and  considering  most 
of  the  remaining  characters  above  mentioned  as  important,  I  have  been  led  to 
propose  a  new  genus  for  the  reception  of  the  species. 

LUMARA  FLAVA,  St.,  n.  s.  Of  a  bright-yellow  color;  branchiae  with  6-8  rami,  and 
a  few  short  processes  on  the  sides  of  their  rings.  Length  one  and  a  half  inch ; 
breadth,  0.11  inch.  Tubes  thin,  of  a  light-yellowish  color,  usually  with  pebbles 
attached  to  the  outer  surface.  Dredged  in  35  f.  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

TEREBELLA  BRUNNEA,  St.,  n.  s.  This  species  is  large,  of  a  uniform,  dark,  reddish- 
brown  color;  segments  about  56;  aciculae  of  the  anterior  feet  rather  short;  the 
ventral  shields  on  the  first  eight  segments  oblong,  transverse,  and  rather  narrow. 
Tentacula  large  and  very  numerous,  brownish  ;  branchiae  in  three  pairs,  with  7-12 
rami  to  each,  those  of  the  first  pair  being  most  numerous.  Length  about  five 
inches ;  greatest  breadth  three-tenths  of  an  inch.  It  inhabits  thick-walled  tubes, 
formed  of  mud  and  sand,  which  are  found  in  great  numbers  on  the  under  surfaces 
of  large  stones,  near  low-water  mark. 

The  uncinate  setse  in  this  species  are  very  variable  in  shape.  They  are  of  the 
same  type  as  those  of  T.  parvula,  Leuckart,  as  figured  in  Wiegm.  Archiv,  1849, 
Taf.  iii.  f.  6,  but  are  much  more  elongated  and  projecting  above. 

T.  CIRRATA,  Cuv.  Leuck.,  1.  c.  This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  in  its 
smaller  number  of  rami  in  the  branchiae,  in  the  rhomboidal  shape  of  the  last  ventral 
shields,  and  in  the  bright-yellow  color  of  the  anterior  ventral  surface.  The  unci- 
nate setaa  conform  generally  to  the  same  type  as  those  of  T.  brunnea,  and  though 
they  have  sometimes  slight  denticles  besides  the  upper  frontal  tooth,  I  have  never 
met  with  any  precisely  like  those  of  T.  cirrata  figured  by  Leuckart  (1.  c.,  fig.  5). 
The  aciculaa  are  longer  than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  and  widened  near  their 
extremities,  which  taper  to  fine  hair-like  lashes.  My  specimens  are  about  three 
inches  in  length,  with  nearly  seventy  segments.  They  were  all  found  in  deep 
water,  chiefly  on  shelly  bottoms,  in  20-40  fathoms. 

CLYMENE  LUMBRICALIS,  St.  (non  Aud.  et  Edw.)  Sabella  lumbricalis,  0.  Fabr.,  F. 
G.,  p.  374.  Tubes  adherent  to  stones,  shells,  etc.,  in  deep  water. 

MARIGOLD. 

ARENICOLA  PISCATORUM,  Cuv.,  Regne  Anirn.,  etc.  Common  on  sandy  shores  above 
low-water  mark,  especially  where  there  are  scattered  boulders. 

SIPHONOSTOHUM  ASPERUM,  St.,  n.  s.      Body  slender,  thickest  anteriorly  behind 


32  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

the  head,  and  covered  with  dark-colored  granulate  papillae,  which  are  largest  and 
most  prominent  above.  There  are  four  rows  of  bristles  extending  the  whole  length 
of  the  body,  of  which  the  dorsal  are  longest.  These  bristles  become  very  long  on 
the  anterior  five  rings,  where  they  are  directed  forwards,  and  extend  beyond  the 
thick  green  tentacula,  but  do  not  form  a  dense  brush.  The  segments  are  about 
sixty  in  number,  and  the  animal  is  two  inches  in  length.  It  was  dredged  in  the 
Hake  Bay,  on  a  shelly  bottom,  in  25  fathoms. 


TECTUREtLA,  St.,  n.  g. 

This  name  I  propose  to  apply  as  a  generic  appellation  to  a  singular  worm,  of 
which  I  obtained  a  few  specimens,  and  which  must  be  very  closely  allied,  if  not 
identical  with  the  Siplionostormim  vayiniferum  of  Rathke,  described  at  length  by  R. 
Leuckart,  in  Wiegman's  Archiv  for  1849,  i.  p.  164.  A  full  description  is  there- 
fore unnecessary  here.  The  sheath  formed  by  the  closely  arranged  anterior  bris- 
tles, the  very  numerous  filiform  cirri,  arranged  in  two  clusters,  and  the  character  of 
the  lateral  bristles,  or  rather  hooks,  seem  good  generic  characters.  The  name  was 
suggested  by  the  mantle-like  exterior  envelop,  which  adheres  very  loosely  to  the 
interior  coat. 

TECTURELLA  FLACCIDA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  21.  This  species  presents,  when  alive,  the 
appearance  of  a  loose,  flabby,  elongated  sac,  covered  with  sordes,  with  a  transverse 
slit  at  one  extremity,  which  discloses  when  its  labia  are  laid  back,  the  broad  green 
tentacula,  and  the  filiform  cirri.  It  will  adhere  and  hang  loosely  by  its  hooked 
bristles  (see  figure),  which  are  arranged,  one  to  each  segment,  along  each  side  of 
the  body.  The  number  of  segments  is  about  forty.  The  largest  specimen  obtained 
was  two  inches  in  length  and  two-fifths  of  an  inch  in  breadth.  It  was  taken  among 
nullipores  and  shells  in  3-15  fathoms. 


1IKAIIA,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  short,  cylindrical,  cbmposed  of  few  segments.  Bristles  very  short,  equal 
in  length  in  all  parts  of  the  body;  the  upper  ones  lancet-shaped  (Fig.  22),  the 
lower  ones  minute  and  imperceptible  without  the  aid  of  the  microscope.  Oral 
cirri  few  (6)  in  number,  green,  nearly  equal  in  size  with  the  two  tentacula.  This 
genus  I  have  separated  from  Siphonostomum,  from  having  found  two  species,  agree- 
ing with  each  other  except  in  trivial  characters,  and  both  differing  from  that  genus 
in  the  want  of  the  anterior  brush  of  forward-directed  bristles. 

BRADA  GRANOSA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  covered  with  granulate  papillae,  which  are 
smaller  on  one  side  than  on  the  other.  Length,  0.7  inches;  breadth,  0.16  inches. 
Color,  dark  brown.  On  sandy  bottoms  in  4-6  fathoms. 

B.  SUBL^EVIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  nearly  smooth,  of  a  light  reddish-brown  color,  from 
the  thin  coating  of  mud  which  always  invests  it.  Length,  1  inch ;  breadth,  .2  inch. 
Dredged  on  nullipore  and  muddy  bottoms  in  the  Laminarian  zone. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  33 

OPHELIA  GLABRA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  robust,  smooth  and  shining,  tapering  at  both 
extremities,  flat  or  even  concave  below.  Posterior  extremity  with  two  large  infe- 
rior papillae,  and  eight  small  superior  ones.  Lateral  cirri  short  and  thick ;  about 
twenty  pairs,  on  the  middle  and  toward  the  posterior  part  of  the  body.  At  their 
bases  are  two  approximated  bundles  of  capillary  setoa,  which  extend  anteriorly  as 
far  as  the  mouth — where  they  are  very  minute  on  the  broad  smooth  rings — and  to 
the  anus  posteriorly.  Color,  light  fawn,  with  iridescence.  Length,  1.5  inch; 
breadth,  0.25  inch.  Dredged  on  muddy  bottoms  in  deep  water. 

ARICIA  QUADRICUSPIS,  (?)  Grube.  Scoloplos  quadricuspida,  Oersd.,  Gronl.  Ann. 
Dors.,  pi.  viii.  f.  110.  The  small  specimen  taken  was  too  much  injured  for  cer- 
tainty of  reference. 

GLYCERA  CAPITATA,  Oersd.,  Gronl.  Ann.  Dors.,  44,  pi:  vii.  f.  88.  Of  a  pale  flesh 
color.  Found  at  low-water  mark  under  stones  on  sandy  shores. 

G.  VIRIDESCENS,  St.,  n.  s.  This  species  is  much  smaller  than  the  preceding,  being 
only  one  and  a  half  inches  in  length.  Its  color  is  light  green.  Its  setae  are  longer 
than  those  of  G.  capitata,  but  not  so  long  as  those  of  G.  setosa. 

PHTLLODOCE  GRCENLANDICA,  Oersd.,  1.  c.,  pi.  ii.,  f.  19,  21,  22,  29-32.  A  large 
bright-green  species.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  25  f.,  shelly,  back  of  Duck  Island. 

NEPHTHYS  CILIATA,  Miill.  N.  borealis,  Oersd.,  Maricolae,  32.  The  specimens 
found  were  mostly  jet  black.  Dredged  in  25  f.  mud,  near  Duck  Island,  and  in  40 
f.  mud,  off  Long  Island. 

N.  INGENS,  St.,  n.  s.  Resembles  N.  coeca,  Oersd.,  Gronl.  Ann.  Dors.,  41,  pi.  vi. 
73,  etc.,  but  is  somewhat  more  slender,  and  differs  in  the  form  of  the  head,  which 
is  rounded  anteriorly,  truncate  behind,  and  has  very  short  tentacula  close  together 
in  front.  The  proboscis  has  about  twenty  fleshy  teeth  at  its  extremity,  and  the 
same  number  of  longitudinal  rows  of  short  processes  on  its  sides  anteriorly. 
Length,  7.5  inch,  breadth,  0.42  inch.  One  specimen  only  was  taken,  which  was 
dredged  by  Mr.  Wm.  Bridges,  in  deep  water. 

NEREIS  ABYSSICOLA,  St.,  n.  s.  Smaller  than  N.  pelagica,  Linn.,  broadest  in  front, 
tapering  gradually  posteriorly.  Color  reddish,  cupreous,  darkest  anteriorly.  Pinnte 
with  four  short  subequal  lobes ;  dorsal  cirri  and  seise  long,  especially  on  the  pos- 
terior rings.  Eyes  four,  conspicuous ;  those  on  each  side  being  close  to  each  other, 
while  those  in  each  pair  are  remote  from  each  other.  Proboscis  with  a  denticulated 
basal  ring,  as  in  N.  denliculata,  herein  described,  except  that  the  papillae  above 
have  a  circle  of  denticles  instead  of  being  covered  with  them.  The  setaa  are  longer 
than  those  of  N.  pelagica,  the  tentacular  cirri  smaller,  and  the  body  more  tapering. 
The  eyes  of  the  anterior  pair  also  are  more  distant  from  each  other  than  the 
posterior  ones.  Length,  1.5  inch,  breadth,  0.14  inch.  In  40  f.  mud,  off  Long  Island. 

N.  IRIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Small ;  body  slender,  translucent,  bluish,  with  shades  of  light- 
copper  color  on  the  back.  Neck  rather  long,  palpi  large,  tentacular  cirri  long  and 
slender.  Differs  from  N.  abyssicola  in  the  want  of  the  long  superior  cirri  on  the 
pinnae,  and  is  also  much  more  slender.  Length,  1.6  inch.  It  was  found  in  a  thin 
leathery  tube,  encased  without  with  small  pebbles.  In  20  f.,  north  of  Duck  Island. 
N.  DENTICULATA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  23.  Body  subcylindrical,  tapering  rather  sud- 
denly posteriorly.  Color  light  reddish-brown,  pearly  above,  nearly  white  below. 


34  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

Pinnas  small ;  ventrals  with  the  setas  longest  and  most  numerous ;  dorsal  and 
ventral  cirri  on  the  whole  length  of  the  animal.  Head  with  short  tapering  ten- 
tacula;  eyes  small  but  conspicuous,  posterior  ones  nearest  each  other.  Proboscis 
with  a  ring  of  minute  denticles  almost  encircling  its  base,  but  interrupted  above 
by  a  smooth  space,  on  which  there  are  two  prominent  denticulated  papilla);  also 
with  four  radiating  ridges  of  denticles  and  an  inferior  denticulated  patch,  at  its 
extremity.  Maxillae  slender,  much  curved.  Length,  6  inches;  breadth,  0.25  inch. 
Found  at  low-water  mark.  Described  from  a  Massachusetts  Bay  specimen,  those 
from  Grand  Manan  being  lost.  In  Fig.  23,  a  represents  a  pinna  of  the  twentieth 
ring ;  6,  one  of  the  posterior  pinnae. 

-N.  GRANDIS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  24.  Large,  broad,  thick  anteriorly,  and  somewhat 
flattened  posteriorly.  Body  dark  brown,  cupreous  above,  with  the  pinnae  lighter 
colored.  Rings  about  180  in  number.  Head  small;  eyes  four,  inconspicuous; 
tentacula  very  small,  equalling  in  length  only  that  of  the  very  thick  palpi ;  tenta- 
cular cirri  tapering  to  slender  threads,  the  longest  equalling  in  length  the  first 
three  segments  of  the  body.  Maxillae  broad  and  strong,  dentated.  Dorsal  pinnae 
with  large  subcordate  lamellae,  which  have  short  cirri  above  in  the  first  forty  seg- 
ments. Length,  17  inches;  breadth,  0.5  inch.  At  low  water,  under  large  stones. 
It  is,  perhaps,  N.  grandifolia  of  Leuckart  (1.  c.  207),  but  cannot  be  that  of  Rathke, 
who  states  his  species  to  be  Heteronereis  arctica  of  Oersted,  Gronl.  A.  D.,  pi.  iv. 
f.  51,  which  is  very  different  from  our  species. 

In  Fig.  24,  a  represents  one  of  the  anterior  pinnaa ;  b,  one  behind  the  middle  of 
the  body. 


ENONELLA,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  elongated,  much  compressed,  tapering  posteriorly.  Head  small,  subovate, 
terminating  anteriorly  in  two  short  tentacles  placed  transversely,  one  on  each  side. 
Neck  somewhat  contracted.  Pinna  with  a  strong,  short,  simple  dorsal  cirrus, 
above  which  is  a  hard,  arcuated  knob  or  mamilla,  concave  towards  the  cirrus. 
These  mamillaa  in  their  succession  form  something  like  two  keels  to  the  body. 
Strong  muscular  fibres  proceed  from  them,  and  they  are  probably  of  use  to  the 
animal  in  working  through  the  sand,  which  it  does  with  great  celerity.  Setae 
falcigerous,  long  and  numerous,  in  one  bundle  to  each  pinna.  This  genus  wants 
the  folded  cirrus  (branchia)  of  CEnone,  and  differs  also  in  possessing  tentacles  and 
superior  lateral  cirri.  See  the  figures. 

ENONELLA  BICARINATA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  25.  Body  very  much  elongated,  subulate. 
Eyes  small,  scarcely  perceptible  from  the  thickness  of  the  skin  over  them.  Color 
uniform  pale-greenish  yellow  when  alive,  but  in  preserved  specimens  dark-brown. 
Length,  1.5  inch;  breadth,  0.09  inch.  Found  in  fine  sand  at  low-water  mark,  at 
High  Duck  Island. 

Figure  25.  a,  head  above;  J,  the  same  below,  showing  the  mouth;  c,  pinnae, 
etc.,  from  above;  d,  side  view  of  a  pinna. 

EUNICE  OERSTEDII,  St.,  n.  s.     Depressed,  but  narrow;  head  small,  with  the  three 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  35 

middle  teutacula,  between  the  eyes,  very  long  and  curved;  the  lateral  ones  are 
shorter.  Tentacular  cirri  small.  Branchite  commencing  on  the  fourth  segment 
from  the  neck,  in  the  form  of  a  slender  process  from  the  cirrus  of  the  superior  pinna, 
which  process  forks  on  a  succeeding  segment,  and  becomes  gradually  more  compli- 
cated till  the  13th  segment.  On  this  segment,  and  on  those  succeeding  it  to  the 
30th,  the  branchise  are  in  the  form  of  a  beautiful  comb  of  five  slender  processes, 
reaching  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  back.  At  the  31st,  they  begin  to  decrease  in 
size  and  number  of  filaments,  and  leave  only  the  dorsal  cirrus  at  the  40th.  Above 
the  base  of  this  cirrus,  on  each  segment,  there  is  a  black  pigment  spot  under  the 
skin.  The  superior  setge  of  the  setiferous  pinna  are  long  and  slender,  the  inferior 
ones  are  short,  and  form  a  thick  tuft.  Inferior  cirrus  thick  and  short,  but  tapering. 
Color  light  fawn  or  reddish  with  iridescence.  Length,  one  inch  +  (the  specimens 
wanting  the  posterior  rings) ;  breadth,  0.1  inch.  In  its  principal  characters  it 
resembles  E.  Harassii,  Aud.  et  M.  Edw.  Dredged  in  20  f.,  on  a  shelly  bottom,  off 
the  northern  point  of  Duck  Island. 

EUNICE  VIVIDA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  26.  A  large  strong  species.  Body  broad  and 
rather  thick,  rounded  above,  somewhat  flattened  below.  Head  with  the  middle 
tentacle  longest,  reaching  the  sixth  ring  of  the  body  from  the  neck ;  the  outer  ones 
scarcely  reaching  the- first  ring.  Tentacular  cirri  thick  at  base,  pointed,  reaching 
as  far  as  the  eyes.  Branchiae  commencing  at  the  first  ring  and  ending  at  the  45th; 
increasing  and  decreasing  in  complication  as  in  the  last  species.  The  branchial 
comb,  where  thickest,  has  nearly  20  closely  arranged  filamentary  teeth.  Pinnae 
small,  with  very  minute  setae;  dorsal  cirri  tapering  to  a  fine  point;  ventral  cirri 
short,  on  thick  globular  bases.  Color  above  cupreous.  Length,  6  inches ;  breadth, 
0.26  inch.  This  species  I  at  first  thought  to  be  the  adult  of  E.  Oerstedii,  but  the 
proportionally  smaller  pinnae  and  setae  seem  to  forbid.  It  is  very  active,  and 
almost  as  uneasy  as  a  snake,  in  confinement,  gyrating  so  rapidly  and  in  such 
curious  circumvolutions  as  to  threaten  with  destruction  such  unlucky  invertebrates 
as  might  be  caught  with  it. 

ONUPHIS  ESCHRICHTII,  Oersd.,  Gronl.  Ann.  Dors.,  20,  pi.  iii.,  f.  33-41,  45.  Our 
specimens  are  much  smaller  and  more  compressed  than  those  of  Oersted.  It  is  finely 
colored  with  red  annulations  on  a  bluish  ground.  The  tube  is  broad,  flat,  and 
composed  of  large  angular  fragments  of  shells  and  chips  of  slaty  stones.  Taken  on 
shelly  bottoms  in  the  coralline  zone. 


CRYPTOIVOTA,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  broad,  oval ;  segments  very  narrow ;  head  minute,  papilliform,  placed  at 
about  the  anterior  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  animal ;  single  median  tentacle  short, 
much  narrower  than  the  head ;  eyes  two  at  the  base  of  the  tentacle.  Back  entirely 
covered  by  the  crowded  dorsal  setae,  leaving  only  a  median  line  of  separation,  which 
terminates  anteriorly  at  the  head,  and  posteriorly  not  far  from  the  margin.  The 
dorsal  pinnae  are  thus  transverse  in  the  middle,  and  longitudinal  at  the  extremities 
of  the  body — as  if  radiated  from  the  two  points  forming  the  extremities  of  the 


36  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

dorsal  line.  The  ventral  pinnae  are  short  and  provided  with  strong  hooked  setae. 
They  completely  surround  the  ventral  surface  of  the  animal.  The  mouth  is  at 
about  the  anterior  sixth  of  the  length  of  the  animal  below,  and  from  it  the  anterior 
feet  radiate,  as  from  the  head  above.  The  branchiae  probably  resemble  those  of 
Euphrosyne,  to  which  genus  this  has,  perhaps,  the  nearest  relations.  These  organs, 
however,  and  some  other  details,  could  not  be  made  out  from  the  single  specimen 
obtained. 

CRTPTONOTA  CITRINA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  27.  Of  a  beautiful  lemon-yellow  color,  re- 
sembling very  much  that  of  some  sponges  which  occurred  with  it.  Head,  flake- 
white  ;  back,  beneath  the  setae,  dark  brown.  Segments  about  thirty  in  number. 
Length,  0.45  inch ;  breadth,  0.25  inch.  Dredged  on  a  gravelly  and  somewhat 
muddy  bottom,  in  thirty-five  fathoms  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

EUPHROSYNE  BOREALIS,  Oersd.,  Gronl.  Ann.  Dors.,  18,  pi.  ii.  f.  23-27.  This  spe- 
cies is  not  uncommon  in  deep  water,  and  often  occurs  of  a  size  double  that  given 
by  Oersted.  It  frequents  muddy  bottoms. 

PHOLOE  TECTA,  St.,  n.  s.  Back  entirely  covered  by  the  elytra,  those  of  the  oppo- 
site sides  overlapping  as  well  as  the  consecutives.  Segments  about  thirty-six  in 
number,  on  which  are  about  twenty-two  pairs  of  elytra,  there  being  anteriorly  one 
to  each  alternate  segment,  while  posteriorly  every  ring  has  one.  These  elytra  or 
scales  are  broad,  sinuated  broadly  in  front,  and  remotely  ciliated  behind.  Superior 
pinna  arched,  dotted  with  black  along  the  summit  at  the  base  of  the  row  of  long 
curved  capillary  setae.  Inferior  pinna  with  a  plume  of  few  long  falcigerous  setae. 
Head  ovate,  with  two  very  large  oval  eyes,  and  terminating  anteriorly  in  a  short 
pointed  tentacle.  Tentacular  cirri  rather  short.  Color,  brownish  and  black,  varie- 
gated, darkest  anteriorly.  Length,  0.28  inch;  breadth,  0.035  inch.  Dredged  in 
4  f.,  on  a  bottom  of  coarse  sand  and  nullipores. 

Oersted  gives  "  branchiarum  squamiformium  paria  maximam  dorsi  partem  nudam 
reliquentium"  as  a  generic  character  of  Pholoe.  But  as  this  species  agrees  with  that 
genus  in  its  remaining  characters,  the  size  of  the  dorsal  scales  would  seem  to  be  of 
little  importance  in  the  Aphrodilacece.  As  another  instance  of  this,  I  would  men- 
tion the  large  Acoetes  (A.  lupina,  St.)  of  South  Carolina,  which  has  scales  so  small 
as  to  leave  the  back  nearly  bare,  and  yet  agrees  in  all  other  important  particulars 
with  A  Pleei,  Aud.  et  M.  Edw.,  which  has  remarkably  large  scales. 

LEPIDONOTE  CIRRATA,  Oersd.  Aphrodita  cirrata,  Miill.,  0.  Fabr.,  F.  G.,  p.  308. 
Of  a  bright  pink  or  violet  color;  taken  about  low- water  mark. 

L.  PUNCTATA,  Oersd.  Polynoe  squamata,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.  Very  common  under 
stones  at  low  water,  and  some  ways  above  it.  Sometimes  also  in  the  Laminarian 
zone. 

L.  SCABRA,  Oersd.,  Gronl.  Ann.  Dors.,  12,  pi.  i.  f.  2,  7,  10, 12,  13,  17,  18.  Aphro- 
dita scabra,  0.  Fabr.  Taken  occasionally  of  a  very  large  size,  on  gravelly  bottoms 
in  the  coralline  zone.  One  specimen  occurred  at  low-water  mark. 

APHRODITA  ACULEATA,  Baster.  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  343.  A  fine  large  species,  often 
four  inches  in  length,  which  is  taken  occasionally  in  deep  water.  It  is  identical 
with  the  above  species,  at  least  as  far  as  can  be  judged  from  figures.  The  numerous 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  37 

small  Aphrodites  which  are  found  on  muddy  bottoms  in  the  laminarian  and  coral- 
line zones,  are  perhaps  varieties  of  the  young  of  this  species,  but  require  farther 


investigation. 


CRUSTACEA. 
PYCNOGONIDES. 

\ 

PrCNOGONON  PELAGICUM,  St.,  n.  s.  The  legs  are  much  shorter  and  stouter  than 
in  P.  Utforale,  and  are  also  without  the  projections  at  the  joints  which  are  seen  in 
the  figures  of  that  species.  The  surface  is  generally  smooth  and  clean,  without 
prominent  hairs,  and  it  is  of  a  uniform  yellowish-brown  color.  Its  diameter,  or 
the  distance  between  the  extremities  of  opposite  legs,  is  three-fourths  of  an  inch. 
It  was  taken  in  30  f.,  on  a  gravelly  bottom,  off  Head  Harbor. 

PIIOXICHILIDIUM  MAXILLARE,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  slender,  with  a  sharp  conical  papilla 
on  the  back,  just  behind  the  origin  of  the  mandibles ;  caudal  projection  short,  but 
very  stout.  Jaw-feet  or  mandibles  comparatively  large  and  strong,  scarcely  extend- 
ing be}^ond  the  end  of  the  blunt  proboscis,  and  with  the  finger  and  thumb  curving 
se  as  to  touch  each  other  only  towards  their  extremities.  Ovigerous  feet  slender, 
except  at  the  basal  joint,  which  is  very  thick.  They  are  long  and  slender,  curving 
in  genuflexions  as  in  Nymphon,  and  arise  from  the  lateral  projections  supporting 
the  first  pair  of  legs.  The  legs  are  long,  smooth,  without  spines  or  hairs,  and  have 
small  subcheliform  hands  at  their  extremities,  the  fingers  of  which  are  very  sharp 
and  slender.  The  color  in  life  is  blackish  or  sepia.  Length  of  body,  0.13  in. ;  of 
a  leg  of  the  first  pair,  0.53  in.  Taken  in  tangled  groups  of  a  dozen  or  more, 
attached  to  the  under  sides  of  stones  at  low  water. 

ZETES  SPINOSA,  St.,  n.  s.  One  specimen  only  of  this  species  was  taken,  which 
occurred  in  the  laminarian  zone.  It  was  hispid  with  minute  hairs,  especially  on 
the  legs,  and  so  covered  with  marine  sordes  that  the  parts  were  made  out  only  with 
great  difficulty.  The  diameter  of  this  specimen  is  one-half  an  inch.  The  body  is 
short,  and  terminates  posteriorly  in  a  long,  slender,  subclavate  anal  tube,  which 
projects  obliquely  upwards.  The  clavate  proboscis  is  large,  broad,  and  not  so  much 
constricted  at  the  base  as  in  the  species  figured  in  Voy.  en  Skandinavie,  Laponie.,  etc. 
The  ovigerous  feet  are  long,  pellucid,  and  flexible ;  the  joints  being  with  difficulty 
distinguished.  Of  the  appendages  between  them  and  the  proboscis  only  two  pair 
were  made  out  with  certainty,  of  which  those  above  the  proboscis  were  very  short, 
and  those  between  it  and  the  ovigerous  legs  almost  filiform,  and  exceeding  it  a  little 
in  length.  On  each  of  the  first  two  joints  of  the  legs  above  is  a  short  acute  spine. 
The  general  color  of  the  animal,  as  nearly  as  could  be  ascertained,  is  light  brown ; 
the  proboscis  being  straw-colored  or  yellowish. 

PALLENE  IIISPIDA,  St.,  n.  s.     Body  short  and  broad,  seeming  wider  than  it  really 
6 


38  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

is,  and  almost  orbicular,  from  the  close  approximation  of  the  basal  joints  of  the 
legs.  The  legs  are  very  thick  at  their  bases,  but  taper  gradually  to  slender  ex- 
tremities, where  they  are  provided  -with  elongated,  subcheliform  hands.  The  first 
two  joints  of  each  are  provided  on  their  outer  edges  with  a  semicircle  of  sharp 
spines,  which  projects  over  the  succeeding  joint  in  an  imbricated  manner.  This 
arrangement  gives  the  body  the  appearance  of  being  surrounded  by  two  concentric 
spinous  ridges.  The  legs-are  also  very  hispid,  the  hairs  being  short,  compressed, 
spine-like,  and  arranged  in  three  or  four  longitudinal  rows ;  the  interspaces  being 
smooth.  The  ovigerous  feet  equal  in  length  about  three-fourths  that  of  the  true 
legs,  and  in  my  specimens  had  two  rounded  masses  of  eggs  attached  to  their  basal 
joints.  The  proboscis  is  very  short,  and  tapers  nearly  to  a  point  at  its  extremity. 
The  mandibles  are  large  and  strong,  extending  much  beyond  the  extremity  of  the 
proboscis,  and  curving  downwards.  The  finger  and  thumb  are  small,  and  tipped 
with  a  hard,  glossy,  mahogany-colored  enamel.  The  oculiferous  knob  is  prominent, 
with  a  black  summit  divided  by  a  cross  into  four  minute  eye  spots.  Finally,  the 
caudal  process  is  small,  but  prominent,  smooth,  and  glossy,  and  projects  nearly 
perpendicularly  upwards.  The  color  of  the  body  and  legs,  beneath  the  dark  brown 
spines  and  hispidities,  is  light  yellowish.  The  length  of  the  body1  is  0.14  in. ;  of 
one  of  the  legs,  0.37  in.  It  was  taken  among  Ascidice  callosce,  in  deep  water. 

NYMPHON  GROSSIPES,  Kroyer.  This  large  and  fine  species  is  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon here  in  the  coralline  zone.  It  is  generally  found  creeping  among  the  polypi- 
doms  of  TubularioB  and  other  hydroids,  upon  the  polypes  of  which  it  probably 
feeds.  In  life,  it  is  of  a  pale  wine-yellow  color  externally,  the  stomach  being  often 
of  a  light  rose  tint,  varying  in  depth  so  as  to  give  the  legs  a  distantly  annulated 
appearance.  Specimens  in  egg  occurred  during  the  first  week  in  September.  The 
figure  given  by  Kroyer  in  Voy.  en  Skand.,  Lap.,  etc.,  does  not  apply  to  our  speci- 
mens in  every  particular,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of  our  species 
with  the  Pycnogonum  grossipes  of  Otho  Fabricius,  Fauna  Gronl.,  p.  229.  The 
curious  six-legged  young  of  this  animal,  so  different  from  the  adult,  occurred  in 
August  in  considerable  numbers  parasitic  on  Goniaster  phryyiana.  These  were  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

EPIZOA. 

LERN^EA-  BRANCHIALIS,  (?)  Lin.  A  few  specimens  were  found  fixed  in  the  flesh 
of  the  neck,  in  young  cod-fishes. 

CALIGUS  PISCINUS,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  340;  Latr.,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Crust.  (?) 
Found  in  great  abundance  on  the  surface  of  the  Halibut. 

CIRRIPEDIA. 

BALANUS  GENICULATUS,  Conrad,  J.  A.  N.  S.,  vi.  265.  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  14,  pi. 
i.  f.  9.  This  species  is  identical  with  one  of  those  of  Northern  Europe,  as  I  have 

1  The  length  of  the  body  in  this  species  and  the  others  herein  described,  is  taken  from  the  base  of  the 
proboscis  to  the  extremity  of  the  caudal  process. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  39 

0 

ascertained  by  comparison  of  specimens;  but  the  synonymy  of  this  European 
species  is  unknown  to  me,  as  I  have  not  yet  seen  the  work  on  Cirripedes  by  Darwin, 
in  which  it  is  fully  elaborated.  It  occurs  abundantly  on  dead  valves  of  Pect&n, 
and  on  stones,  in  the  coralline  zone,  and  it  varies  greatly  in  form. 

B.  BALANOIDES.  Lepas  balanoides,  Lin.  Balanus  ovularis,  Lam.,  An.  sans  vert., 
v.  660.  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  17.  pi.  i.  f.  7.  B.  rugosus,  Mont.,  Gould,  1.  c.,  16,  pi. 
i.  f.  10.  Found  abundantly,  and  generally  of  large  size,  on  the  rocks  in  the  littoral 
zone.  Several  fine  specimens  were  found  attached  to  living  examples  of  Littorlna 
littoralis. 

ENTOMOSTRACA. 

CYPRIDINA  EXCISA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  28.  This  fine  entomostracan  occurred  in  con- 
siderable numbers  among  nullipores  in  four  or  five  fathoms.  It  is  about  one-tenth 
of  an  inch  in  length,  and  in  shape  regularly  oval  with  a  deep  emargination  below 
anteriorly.  Such  details  as  can  be  observed  of  the  parts  protruding  from  the  shell 
when  the  animal  is  in  motion  are  given  in  the  figure.  The  color  is  pale  yellowish, 
and  sometimes  bright  pink  on  the  back,  from  the  large  round  eggs  showing  through. 


BRANCHIOPODA. 

• 

CUMA  BISPINOSA,  St.,  n.  s.  This  species  is  distinguished  from  all  those  of  Northern 
Europe,  described  by  Kroyer  in  his  Tidsskrift,  by  the  short  spine-like  projec- 
tions on  the  carapax,  of  which  there  is  one  on  each  side,  not  far  behind  the  large 
triangular  rostrum.  In  other  particulars,  it  differs  but  little  from  the  ordinary 
forms.  The  tail  terminates  in  a  slender  stylet,  set  on  the  extremity  of  a  thicker 
one  of  equal  length,  from  the  base  of  which  proceed  the  long  lateral  stylets  with 
bifid  extremities.  The  color  of  the  body  is  brownish ;  that  of  the  tail  paler  or 
nearly  white.  Length,  0.45  inch.  Dredged  in  35  f.,  gravel,  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

ISOPODA. 

IDOT^EA  TUFTSII,  St.,  n.  s.  This  species  resembles  /.  caeca,  Say,  J.  A.  N.  S.,  i. 
424,  more  than  any  other  species,  but  it  differs  in  the  following  particulars.  It  is 
smaller,  being  but  four-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  eyes  are  easily  seen,  and 
of  an  opaque-white  color  in  life.  The  internal  antennas  are  blunt  at  their  tips,  and 
equal  in  length  one-third  that  of  the  external  ones.  The  tail  is  greatly  elongated, 
and  regularly  sublanceolate.  It  is  of  a  pale  fawn  color,  with  crowded  dark  brown 
dots  or  punctations.  It  was  dredged  on  a  sandy  bottom  in  10  fathoms,  off  Cheney's 
Head. 

I  have  dedicated  this  species  to  Mr.  Samuel  Tufts,  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  one  of  our 
most  active  marine  zoologists,  to  whom  I  have  been  often  indebted  for  new  and 
curious  forms  of  deep  sea  animals  from  Massachusetts  Bay. 

I.  IRRORATA,  M.  Edw.,  Suites  a  Buffon,  Crust.  Stenosoma  irrorata,  Say,  J.  A.  N. 
S.;  i.  423.  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  338.  This  species  is  found  on  marine  plants  about 


40  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAK. 

low-water  mark.     It  rarely  occurs  here,  although  so  common  on  the  southwestern 
portions  of  the  coast  of  Maine. 

IDOT^A  MONTOSA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  elongated  ovate,  abruptly  narrowing  at  the 
commencement  of  the  abdomen.  The  back  seems  divided  longitudinally  into  three 
unequal  lobes,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  by  far  the  largest.  This  results  from  the 
prominent,  well-defined,  rounded  lobes  into  which  the  segments  expand  at  each 
extremity  of  their  width.  The  lateral  incisions,  separating  these  segments,  reach, 
in  depth,  the  margin  of  the  middle  lobe  of  the  back.  The  abdomen  in  length 
equals  six-tenths  that  of  the  thorax,  and  has  its  segments  soldered  together,  except 
that  slight  transverse  depressed  lines  indicate  two  short1  anterior  segments,  which 
bear  a  large  rounded  knob  in  their  middle ;  and  one  scutiform  posterior  segment, 
which  also  bulges  up  strongly  in  the  middle;  this  latter  protuberance  being  separated 
from  the  former  by  a  deep  depression.  The  antennae  are  very  small;  the  internal  or 
superior  ones  much  the  longest,  reaching  the  second  thoracic  segment ;  the  external 
ones  about  half  the  length  of  the  internals,  and  without  an  articulated  flagellum. 
The  feet  are  identical  in  character  throughout,  each  terminating  in  a  delicate, 
elongated,  subcheliform  hand,  with  a  very  slender,  almost  acicular  finger  or  nail. 
The  first  pair  is  shortest;  they  then  increase  in  length  to  the  fifth,  which  is  longest, 
and  then  decrease  very  slightly  to  the  seventh  and  last  pair.  The  opercular  abdo- 
minal appendages  are  margined  with  a  sharp  elevated  ridge,  and  have  very  minute 
articulated  pieces  at  their  posterior  extremities,  and  elongated  subsidiary  pieces  for 
about  half  their  length  anteriorly  and  interiorly.  The  color  is  dark  grayish- 
Length,  0.4  in. ;  greatest  breadth,  at  the  fourth  segment,  0.19  in. ;  length  of  a  foot  of 
the  fifth  pair,  0.2  in.  Taken  in  deep  water  on  sandy  and  muddy  bottoms.  The 
characters  of  the  antennae  would,  strictly,  exclude  this  species  from  Idotcea.  It 
belongs  to  a  group  of  which  I  have  three  or  four  species  from  the  New  England 
coast,  and  which  will  probably  be  found  to  constitute  a  new  genus. 

«LERA  COPIOSA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  29.  Body  suboblong,  narrowing  slightly  at  each  ex- 
tremity, and  a  little  convex  above.  Head  rather  large,  with  the  small  but  very  obvi- 
ous black  eyes  near  its  posterior  corners;  thoracic  segments  not  widely  separated  at 
their  hairy  external  edges,  but  far  apart  along  the  middle ;  abdomen  with  three 
segments,  of  which  the  anterior  two  are  very  small  and  narrow,  and  the  posterior 
one  broad,  with  its  caudal  appendages  very  minute  and  close  together  in  a  niche  at 
its  posterior  extremity.  The  thick-based  internal  antennas  are  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  rather  stout  external  ones,  which  reach  the  third  segment  of  the  body. 
Feet  weak  and  slender,  all  of  the  same  character,  terminating  in  a  sharp  nail. 
Branchial  lamina  or  operculum,  considerably  smaller  than  the  abdominal  cavity. 
Color  above  g»yish,  punctate ;  those  with  eggs  are  bright  green  below.  Length, 
0.2  in.;  greatest  breadth,  at  the  third  segment,  0.1  in.  Found  in  great  numbers  on 
our  whole  New  England  coast  north  of  Cape  Cod,  living  on  the  under  surfaces  of 
stones  in  the  first  (upper)  subregion  of  the  littoral  zone.  At  Grand  Manan,  it  was 
most  frequent  in  sheltered  situations. 

1  By  the  length  of  a  segment,  is  meant  its  extent  longitudinal  with  the  body,  so  that  its  width  in  Isopods 
is  almost  always  much  greater  than  its  length. 


MARINE  INVERTEBEATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  41 


A N 12 L LODES,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  loosely  articulated  as  in  Asellus.  Abdomen  uniarticulate,  with  two  long 
bifid  caudal  styles.  External  pair  of  natatory  feet  having  each  two  laminae  like 
the  others,  but  broader  and  hardened  so  as  to  perform  the  office  of  an  operculum. 
External  antennas  longer  than  the  body,  and  terminating  in  very  long  multiarticu- 
late  flagella.  Internal  antennas  minute,  with  flagella  of  few  articulations,  each  of 
which  bears  a  very  long  hair-like  appendage.  Legs  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  with 
the  terminal  article  in  each  bearing  two  or  more  minute  unguiform  spines  at  its 
extremity.  In  the  first  pair,  the  last  two  articles  form  a  large  subcheliform  hand. 

The  very  long  external  antennas  and  legs  call  to  mind  the  genus  Munna  of 
Kroyer,  in  which,  however,  the  caudal  appendages  are  rudimentary. 

A.  ALTA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  30.  Body  suboblong;  head  with  its  anterior  angles 
produced,  and  with  a  prominent  sharp  rostrum,  which  is  almost  erect  and  curves 
forward  at  its  summit ;  internal  antenna;  very  short  and  slender,  with  long  hairs, 
which  are  numerous  at  the  extremities ;  externals  with  an  articulated  scale  or  spine 
on  its  second  segment  exteriorly  ;  outer  edges  of  the  dorsal  segments  produced  at 
their  anterior  angles,  and  each  having  one  or  two  deep  emarginations  laterally. 
Abdominal  segment  subquadrangular,  a  little  broader  anteriorly,  minutely  ser- 
rated on  its  lateral  margins,  and  undulated  at  its  posterior  margin.  Color  pale 
whitish,  with  numerous  black  pigment  spots  somewhat  regularly  arranged  above. 
Antennae  and  feet  white.  Eyes  large,  black.  Length,  0.27  in. ;  breadth,  0.1  in. 
Dredged  in  soft  mud  in  40  f.,  off  Long  Island,  G.  M. 

-ZEGA  POLITA,  St.,  n.  s.  Elongated,  very  convex,  so  that  the  sides  of  the  back 
are  perpendicular,  and  a  little  incurved  below;  head  subtrapezoidal,  broadest  before ; 
at  its  anterior  corners  are  the  rather  small  but  prominent  black  eyes,  which  are 
elongate-trapezoidal  in  shape,  narrowest  anteriorly.  Antenna?  small  but  rather 
stout  at  base,  placed  transversely,  curving  backward,  the  superior  ones  being  three- 
fifths  as  long  as  the  inferior  ones,  which  reach  the  middle  of  the  first  thoracic  seg- 
ment at  its  lower  edge.  Feet  long,  compressed,  hairy  on  their  edges,  with  their 
second  and  third  articles  produced  at  the  outer  angles.  The  epimera  in  the  first 
thoracic  segment  are  indicated  by  a  slight  depressed  line  only ;  while  in  the  second, 
third,  and  fourth  they  are  better  separated ;  and  in  the  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  they 
are  articulated,  elongate-triangular,  and  produced  into  acute  angles  posteriorly,  the 
last  pair  thus  reaching  the  fifth  abdominal  segment.  The  first  five  abdominal  seg- 
ments occupy  three-sevenths  the  length  of  the  abdomen ;  the  first  one  being  scarcely 
distinct  from  the  last  thoracic,  the  next  three  equal,  the  next  a  little  longer  than 
the  preceding  ones.  The  terminal  segment  is  scutiform,  narrower  than  the  others, 
and  with  caudal  styles  resembling  the  natatory  feet  in  character,  but  thicker,  harder, 
and  narrower;  the  inner  stylet  being  three  times  as  broad  as  the  outer,  and  elongate- 
subrhomboidal  in  shape.  The  color  is  light  opaque  yellowish,  with  patches  of  black 
punctae  on  the  front  of  the  head,  on  the  posterior  two-thirds  of  all  the  dorsal  seg- 
ments except  the  terminal  one,  which  is  almost  entirely  covered  with  them,  on  the 


42  MARINE  INVERTEERATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

middle  of  the  caudal  styles,  and  on  the  exterior  or  first  pair  of  natatory  feet.  There 
are  also  a  few  black  dots  on  the  legs.  The  length  of  the  largest  specimen  is  O.G2 
inch.  The  proportions  of  the  other  parts  to  the  length  are  as  follows :  breadth,  .24 ; 
length  of  longest  (5th)  thoracic  segment,  .11;  of  the  abdomen,  .34;  of  the  terminal 
abdominal  plate,  .20;  of  the  longest  leg  (of  6th  segment),  .41.  Found  on  the  fine 
sands  at  low-water  mark  on  High  Duck  Island.  A  species  from  Charleston,  S.  C., 
Harbor  (JE.  concharum,  St.,  n.  s.),  resembles  this  very  closely,  but  the  superior 
antennae  are  shorter,  the  eyes  larger  and  triangular,  the  last  epimer  reaching  only  the 
third  abdominal  segment,  the  inner  lamina  of  the  caudal  styles  thinner  and  broader, 
and  the  legs  proportionately  broader.  The  color  is  nearly  the  same.  The  length 
is  0.9  inch;  of  which  the  proportions  corresponding  to  those  above  are,  .23,  .15, 
.29,  .16,  and  .33. 


ANISOPODA. 

PRANIZA  CERINA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  31.  This  curious  little  Isopod  resembles  P. 
ccerulata,  of  the  coast  of  Great  Britain,  in  its  proportions,  but  is  very  distinct  from 
that  species  in  its  details.  The  two  reduced  neck  segments  are  very  small  and 
narrow,  but  nevertheless  distinct ;  and  the  rings  are  not  difficult  to  make  out,  even 
on  the  ventricose  middle  portion  of  the  body.  The  rudimentary  legs  of  the  first 
two  thoracic  segments  reach  forward  nearly  to  the  extremities  of  the  mandibles. 
They  are  pressed  against,  and  seem  to  constitute  a  portion  of  the  mouth  parts, 
and  one  pair  is  provided  with  strong  hooked  nails.  The  remaining  five  pairs  of 
well-developed  feet  are  long,  but  almost  filiform,  and  somewhat  hairy ;  the  last  pair 
but  one  being  shortest.  The  superior  antennae  are  shorter  than  the  inferior  ones, 
of  which  a  flagellum  of  about  seven  articulations  constitutes  nearly  one-half  the 
length.  The  eyes  are  prominent,  bulging  out  from  the  sides  of  the  head.  The 
natatory  feet  are  of  large  size,  with  very  long  plumes  of  hairs  ;  the  fifth  pair  being 
much  smaller  than  the  rest.  Caudal  styles  hairy  on  their  edges,  the  inner  one  of 
each  pair  broadest  and  with  pointed  extremity,  extending  considerably  beyond  the 
end  of  the  triangular  caudal  segment.  Its  color  a  pale  yellowish  or  waxen. 
Length  of  body,  0.22  inch ;  of  which  the  proportions  of  the  other  parts  are  :  length 
of  head  and  first  four  segments,  .27;  of  the  abdomen,  .32;  of  the  longest  leg  (that 
of  5th  thoracic  segment),  .32;  width  of  body  at  the  third  segment,  .11;  at  the 
sixth,  .37;  at  the  abdomen,  .07.  Many  specimens  were  dredged  on  gravelly  and 
coralline  bottoms  in  20-30  fathoms  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

With  the  above,  and  in  about  equal  numbers,  was  taken  another  form,  which, 
with  some  doubt,  I  am  at  present  inclined  to  consider  the  female  of  the  same  species. 
In  color  and  details  it  differed  from  P.  cerina  but  slightly,  but  the  proportions  were 
very  different;  as  the  very  ventricose  middle  .portion  of  the  body,  which  in  every 
case  was  filled  with  eggs,  constituted  nearly  the  whole  of  the  animal ;  the  head  and 
abdomen  being  very  short,  and  projecting  but  little  beyond  it. 

ANCEUS  AMERICANUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  very  regularly  rectangular,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed at  the  commencement  of  the  abdomen,  which  has  the  appearance  of  another 
very  small  rectangle  set  into  the  first,  and  of  only  one-third  its  width.  It  is  of  a 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  43 

dark  brownish  color  above;  the  back  with  transverse  ridges  at  the  articulations, 
very  rugose  and  covered  with  marine  sordes.  Below,  white.  Last  thoracic  seg- 
ment deeply  emarginate  behind  for  the  reception  of  the  abdomen.  Maxilloe  very 
strong,  crossing  each  other  toward  their  extremities,  and  curving  upward  beyond 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  head.  Eyes  minute.  Antennae  two  on  each  side, 
close  together,  one  above  the  other,  at  the  corners  of  the  head;  the  inferior 
ones  being  a  little  the  longest.  Legs  slender,  with  hard  curved  nails  at  their 
extremities.  Abdominal  segments  well  denned,  the  anterior  one  narrowest,  and  the 
terminal  one  becoming  very  narrow  and  tapering  after  the  juncture  of  the  caudal 
appendages,  which  are  highly  developed,  subequal,  and  extending  considerably 
beyond  the  extremity  of  the  caudal  segment.  Length,  0.2  in. ;  breadth  of  thorax, 
0.08  in. ;  length  of  abdomen,  0.085  in.  Dredged  on  a  sandy  bottom  in  ten  fathoms, 
off  Cheney's  Head.  It  is  very  sluggish  in  its  motions,  which  are  ambulatory  only. 
It  is  more  elongated  than  A.  maxillaris  of  Europe,  the  head  and  jaws  not  so  large, 
and  the  caudal  appendages  much  larger. 

ANTIIURA  BRACHIATA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  very  slender,  subcylindrical,  tapering  at 
the  head,  broadest  at  the  fifth  thoracic  segment,  and  greatly  constricted  at  the 
articulations  of  the  second  thoracic  segment,  which  is  narrower  than  any  of  the 
others.  The  first  three  thoracic  segments  are  sharply  convex  below  ;  the  next  three 
concave  along  the  middle,  with  a  deep  indentation  on  the  back  of  each  anteriorly ; 
the  last  one  very  short,  equalling  in  length  a  little  more  than  one-third  that  of  the 
penultimate  one.  The  antenna;  are  very  minute,  about  equal  in  length,  and  all 
arising  close  together  at  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  head.  The  first  three  pairs 
of  legs  are  placed  anteriorly  on  their  respective  segments;  the  last  four  on  the 
middle.  Those  of  the  first  pair  are  a  little  shorter  than  the  others,  but  very  thick 
throughout  their  length,  the  large  ovate  hand  being  set  by  the  middle  of  its  lower 
side  on  the  third  and  fourth  articles,  which  are  only  rudimentary,  while  the  first 
and  second  are  greatly  developed.  The  finger  or  nail  of  this  hand  is  very  small. 
The  legs  of  the  second  and  third  pairs  are  shorter  and  not  so  slender  as  those  of 
the  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh,  but  all  terminate  in  small  subcheliform  hands. 
The  segments  of  the  abdomen  are  with  difficulty  distinguished  above.  The  caudal 
appendages  (last  pair  of  abdominal  feet),  are  much  expanded,  especially  the  exterior 
laminse,  which  curve  over  above  so  as  to  inclose  the  terminal  segment  in  a  kind  of 
trumpet-shaped  cavity.  The  outer  laminae  of  the  first  or  exterior  pair  of  natatory 
feet  are  hardened,  and  serve  as  opercula  to  the  others,  while  the  inner  laminse  of 
this  pair  are  minute,  and  articulated  at  about  half  the  length  of  the  outer  ones  on 
their  inner  surfaces.  The  color  is  a  uniform  light  brown  when  the  animal  is  clean, 
but  it  is  usually  covered  with  a  reddish-brown  muddy  slime,  owing  to  its  sluggish 
habits.  Its  length  is  0.69  inch,  of  which  the  proportions  of  the  other  parts  are : 
length  of  the  abdomen,  .13  ;  of  the  longest  leg,  .20;  of  the  antennae,  .10  ;  and  the 
greatest  breadth,  .125.  It  was  dredged  on  a  shelly  and  somewhat  muddy  bottom, 
in  twenty  fathoms,  off  the  northern  point  of  Duck  Island. 

TANAIS  FILUM,  St.,  n.  s.  Very  minute,  slender,  rounded  on  the  back,  white, 
looking  very  much  like  a  short  piece  of  thread.  Head  small,  and  rather  narrowed 
in  front ;  first  thoracic  segment  of  great  length ;  the  second  half  as  long  as  the  third, 


44  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  QF  GRAND  MANAN. 

which  is  about  equal  in  length  with  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth;  the  seventh  being 
a  little  shorter  than  the  sixth.  The  segments  of  the  abdomen  are  well  defined,  the 
first  five  equalling  each  other  in  length,  and  the  terminal  one  longer  than  the  fifth, 
but  narrower,  and  rounded  behind.  Antennae  short  and  thick,  without  flagella3, 
with  blunt  tips  crowned  with  few  hairs,  as  are  also  their  articulations.  The  inner 
ones  are  directed  forward,  and  much  the  stoutest,  especially  toward  their  bases; 
while  the  outer  ones  are  more  slender  and  curve  outward  and  backward.  First 
pair  of  legs  exceedingly  thickened,  with  very  large  ovate  hands  and  strong  curved 
fingers.  They  are  generally  closely  applied  against  the  breast.  The  remaining 
thoracic  feet  are  very  slender,  terminating  in  sharp  slender  fingers,  which  in  the 
second  pair  are  very  long  and  nearly  straight,  and  in  the  other  pairs  short.  The 
legs  of  the  posterior  pair  are  a  little  the  longest  and  thickest.  The  ambulatory 
feet  in  five  pairs  are  of  great  length  and  resemble  those  of  Amphipods.  The  caudal 
stylets  are  in  length  about  four-fifths  that  of  the  abdomen,  and  consist  of  four  or 
five  articles,  with  few  hairs,  each  article  becoming  narrower,  the  last  one  with  a  tuft 
of  few  hairs  at  its  extremity.  Length,  .15  inch ;  breadth,  .02.  Dredged  among 
Ascidice  callosce,  in  20  fathoms,  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

AMPHIPODA. 

CAPRELLA  LOBATA,  Kroyer.  Squilla  lobata,  Mull,  0.  Fabr.,  F.  G.,  p.  248.  This 
species  is  more  slender  than  any  of  the  others,  of  a  bright  crimson  color,  and  an 
inch  or  more  in  length.  The  first  two  segments  are  especially  elongated,  the  second 
bearing  the  arms  nearly  at  its  posterior  extremity ;  and  the  inferior  antennae  are 
scarce  half  the  length  of  the  superior  ones.  It  is  found,  not  commonly,  however, 
among  nullipores,  in  4—6  fathoms. 

C.  SANGUINEA,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  336.  A  very  common  species  in  the  higher 
levels  of  the  laminarian  zone.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  the  others  by  its  very 
slender  antennas  and  proportionally  large  hands.  Color  bright  crimson.  Length 
three-fourths  of  an  inch. 

C.  LONGIMANUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  with  a  few  spines  along  the  back  of  each  segment. 
Superior  antennas  rather  stout  and  twice  as  long  as  the  inferior  ones,  which  are  very 
slender.  Hands  very  long  and  rather  broad,  with  two  or  three  teeth  along  the 
inner  edge ;  the  arms  to  which  they  belong  are  placed  on  the  thickened  posterior 
part  of  the  second  segment.  Color  light-yellowish  brown.  Eyes  red.  Length 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch. 

C.  ROBUSTA,  St.,  n.  s.  This  is  a  very  large,  thick,  and  robust  species,  of  an  oliva- 
ceous or  often  a  light  brown  color.  There  are  numerous  short  spines  on  the 
back,  very  variable  in  size  and  number  in  different  specimens.  The  antennae  are 
not  large,  the  upper  ones  being  about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  and  the  lower 
ones  nearly  as  long  and  very  hairy.  Arms  placed  at  about  the  middle  of  the  second 
segment,  with  the  hands  having  strong  teeth  on  the  lower  edge,  and  short  thick 
nails.  Length  (excluding  antennae),  1.25  inch;  breadth,  0.1  inch.  Dredged  on  a 
rocky  bottom,  in  12  fathoms,  back  of  Duck  Island  ledge. 

SPINOSISSIMA,  St.,  n.  s.     Body  slender,  much  thickened  at  the  origins  of 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  45 

the  appendages,  covered  everywhere  on  the  back  and  sides  with  sharp  broad-based 
spines,  some  of  which  are  very  long.  These  sometimes  show  a  tendency  to  arrange- 
ment in  transverse  rows.  There  is  one  very  strong  spine  just  above  each  branchial 
lamina.  The  head  is  large,  with  prominent  eyes ;  the  inferior  antennae  very  much 
more  slender  than  the  superior  ones,  and  the  mouth  parts  well  developed,  the  tri- 
articulate  palpi  of  the  mandibles  being  small  but  obvious.  The  arms  are  placed  at 
the  thickening  near  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  second  segment,  and  have  two 
spines  on  the  first  article  in  each,  also  two  spines  on  the  hand,  one  at  its  extremity 
and  the  other  on  the  inner  edge,  just  reached  by  the  long  curved  finger  when  closed. 
The  posterior  thoracic  legs  are  highly  developed  with  their  subcheliform  hands  pro- 
vided with  a  spine  in  the  middle.  Abdomen  very  short,  with  a  pair  of  posterior 
appendages  which  nearly  equal  it  in  length.  The  ground  color  is  either  purplish 
or  brownish,  upon  which  are  numerous  spots  and  patches  of  sulphur-white  irregu- 
larly distributed.  Length  of  the  body  (excluding  antennae),  one  inch;  of  which 
the  proportions  of  the  other  parts  are  :  greatest  breadth,  .09 ;  length  of  superior 
antennae,  .8;  of  inferior  antennae,  .3;  of  the  third  and  fourth  segments  conjointly, 
.34;  of  the  arms  to  tip  of  finger,  .47;  of  one  of  the  last  pair  of  legs,  .33;  of  the 
abdomen,  .035.  This  beautiful  species  was  dredged  in  great  numbers  adhering  to 
Gemellaria  dumosa  in  ten  fathoms,  off  Cheney's  Head. 

UNCIOLA  IRRORATA,  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  i.  389.  This  large  and 
finely-colored  species  is  found  here  in  considerable  numbers,  as  well  as  on  our  whole 
New  England  coast.  It  inhabits  invariably  sandy  bottoms,  usually  in  the  lamina- 
rian  zone,  but  is  occasionally  found  at  low-water  mark.  The  color  of  my  specimens 
is  bright  red  or  vermilion,  mottled  with  flake  white. 

PODOCERTTS  NITIDUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Small,  slender,  subcompressed,  smooth  and  shining 
above,  and  of  a  pale  wine-yellow  color.  Head  rather  elongated,  eyes  oval,  black, 
placed  obliquely  at  the  bases  of  the  superior  antennae,  a  little  below.  Antennae 
slender,  the  superior  ones  most  so,  very  hairy,  about  equal  in  length;  the  superior 
ones  having  the  longest  flagellum.  Thoracic  legs  of  the  first  pair  elongated,  with 
numerous  long  hairs  on  their  edges,  with  the  hand  smaller  and  narrower  than  the 
antepenultimate  article,  and  a  strong  finger  equalling  the  hand  in  length.  Those 
of  the  second  pair  large,  with  a  short  spine  on  the  second  article  in  front ;  hand 
large,  oval,  with  a  small  curved  finger  of  about  half  its  length.  The  legs  of  the 
third  and  fourth  pairs  are  very  small ;  those  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  long,  and 
with  their  terminal  unguiform  articles  strong  and  sharp.  Caudal  styles  of  the 
first  pair  much  the  longest,  reaching  to  the  extremities  of  those  of  the  second ; 
those  of  the  third  pair  small,  biramous,  with  blunt  tips.  Length,1  0.3  in. ;  of  which 
the  proportions  of  the  other  parts  are  :  greatest  breadth,  .25  ;  height  at  the  middle 
of  the  fourth  thoracic  segment,  .25  ;  length  of  the  superior  antennae,  .6  ;  of  a  leg 
of  the  second  pair,  .37 ;  of  a  leg  of  the  longest  (seventh)  pair,  .5.  This  species  was 
dredged  in  thirty  fathoms  on  a  shelly  bottom  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

1  The  length  of  an  Amphipod,  as  herein  given,  is  taken  from  the  bases  of  the  antennae  to  the  extremities 
of  the  posterior  caudal  stylets. 
7 


46  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


LEPTOTHOE,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  linear,  segments  well  separated,  epimera  very  small ;  superior  antennas 
longest,  with  a  long  accessory  flagellum;  inferior  ones  subpediform;  legs  of  the  first 
two  pairs  with  subcheliform  hands,  those  of  the  second  pair  being  largest,  with  uuiar- 
ticulate  fingers.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  last  pair  very  long,  with  equal  lanceolate  rami 
on  short  peduncles.  This  genus  differs  from  Podocerus,  Leach,  in  possessing  accessory 
flagella  to  the  superior  antennae;  and  from  Cratopldum,  Dana,  in  its  long  nonuncinate 
terminal  stylets,  and  in  having  the  superior  antennas  longest. 

LEPTOTHOE  DAN^E,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  32.  Body  somewhat  compressed,  but  rounded 
above,  glabrous,  and  of  a  uniform  bright  flesh  color ;  head  three  times  as  long  as 
the  first  thoracic  segment,  but  not  as  broad,  and  bearing  the  small  subreniform  eyes. 
Superior  antennae  with  long  terminal  flagellum,  and  an  accessory  one  of  nearly  one- 
third  its  length,  set  on  the  very  short  penultimate  article ;  inferior  antennae  with 
the  penultimate  article  as  long  as  the  terminal  one  ;  both  pairs  very  hai  ry  Legs 
of  the  first  two  pairs  compressed,  those  of  the  first  pair  very  small,  -but  similar  in 
character  to  those  of  the  second,  which  have  very  large  hands  obliquely  truncate 
at  their  extremities  for  the  reception  of  the  short  finger  when  closed.  The  remain- 
ing thoracic  legs  are  slender,  tnose  of  the  posterior  pairs  having  elongated  basal 
articles.  Natatory  feet  much  elongated.  The  first  three  abdominal  segments  together 
nearly  equal  in  length  that  of  the  last  four  thoracic  segments  conjointly,  and  the 
last  of  the  three  is  considerably  expanded  below  and  produced  backwards.  The 
caudal  stylets  of  the  first  pair  project  beyond  those  of  the  second,  and  those  of  the 
third  pair  are  very  long,  their  peduncles  constituting  only  about  one-fifth  of  their 
length.  The  tail  terminates  in  a  short,  lamellar,  bifid  process.  The  thoracic  seg- 
ments in  this  species  are  each  marked  with  an  indistinct  vertical  line  down  the 
middle  on  each  side.  Length,  0.9  inch ;  of  which  the  proportions  of  the  other  parts 
are :  greatest  breadth,  .1 ;  height  at  the  middle  of  the  fourth  thoracic  segment,  .12 ;  at 
the  seventh,  .13;  length  of  the  superior  antennae,  .42;  of  the  inferior  antennae,  .25; 
of  a  leg  of  the  second  pair,  .28 ;  of  a  leg  of  the  longest  (seventh)  pair,  .37 ;  of  the 
caudal  stylets  of  the  first  pair,  .19 ;  of  the  terminal  stylets,  .2.  This  species  inhabits 
the  laminarian  zone,  and  seems  to  prefer  for  its  residence  patches  of  sandy  bottom, 
on  which  there  are  numerous  weedy  rocks.  I  have  frequently  taken  what  appeared 
to  be  the  young,  in  the  coralline  zone.  It  is  more  sluggish  in  its  motions  than  is 
usual  with  Amphipods. 

CERAPUS  RUBRICORNIS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  33.  Male  much  broader  than  high,  tapering 
at  both  extremities,  the  head  being  about  half  the  width  of  the  second  thoracic 
segment ;  the  black  eyes  at  the  anterior  corners  of  the  head,  on  the  oblique  or 
almost  horizontal  line  connecting  the  bases  of  the  upper  and  lower  antennas.  The 
second  thoracic  segment  is  the  point  of  the  greatest  breadth,  from  its  bulging  out  to 
accommodate  the  very  large  second  pair  of  legs.  Epimera  very  small,  but  increas- 
ing in  size  from  the  first  to  the  fifth  thoracic  segment,  in  which  latter  they  are 
comparatively  large,  while  those  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  are  scarcely  perceptible. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  47 

Antenna?  strongly  subpediform,  curving  downwards  and  very  hairy ;  the  inferior 
ones,  which  arise  beneath  the  head  and  behind  the  eyes,  being  a  little  the  longer. 
Legs  of  the  first  pair  small,  with  a  small  subcheliforrn  hand  ;  those  of  the  second 
pair  long,  with  the  basal  article  curved,  and  the  hand  of  great  size,  bearing  a  long 
spine  or  thumb  below,  and  a  large  bi-articulate  finger,  the  penultimate  article  of 
which  is  very  thick,  and  seems  rather  part  of  the  hand.  The  whole  hand,  when 
closed,  is  of  an  elongated  oval  or  suboblong  form.  The  legs  of  the  third  and  fourth 
pairs  are  small,  but  with  broad,  flat,  basal  articles;  those  of  the  fifth  pair  shortest  of 
all;  those  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  slender,  with  sharp  nails  at  their  extremities. 
Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  two  pairs  with  long  peduncles ;  those  of  the  first  pair 
projecting  a  little  beyond  the  others ;  those  of  the  last  pair  very  short,  simple,  and 
subuncinate  at  their  extremities.  Color  on  the  back  dark  mottled  gray  ;  epimera 
blackish;  terminal  articles  of  the  four  antennas  bright  red;  hands  yellowish. 
Female  generally  larger  than  the  male ;  superior  antennae  as  long  as  the  inferior 
ones ;  legs  of  the  second  pair  not  large,  with  a  small,  short,  and  broad  hand,  which 
has  a  short  uniarticulate  finger,  and  a  thumb  consisting  of  a  sharp  projection  from 
the  base  of  the  antepenultimate  article.  In  other  words,  the  penultimate  article  is 
here  expanded  into  a  hand,  instead  of  the  antepenultimate  as  in  the  male,  which 
latter  article,  however,  bears  the  thumb  in  both.  The  colors  are  the  same  as  in  the 
male,  except  that  the  under  side  of  the  thorax  is  bright  yellow,  from  the  contained 
eggs.  The  dimensions  of  a  large  female  are  as  follows  :  length,  0.5  inch ;  of  which 
the  proportions  of  other  parts  are:  greatest  breadth,  at  the  4th  segment,  .21;  height 
at  4th  segment,  .1 ;  length  of  superior  antennae,  .42  ;  the  1st  pair  of  caudal  stylets, 
.15 ;  of  a  leg  of  2d  pair,  .35  ;  of  a  leg  of  the  longest  (7th)  pair,  .36.  The  largest 
male  was  0.41  inch  in  length,  the  proportion  of  the  breadth  at  4th  segment  being 
.2  ;  of  the  length  of  the  second  pair  of  legs,  .61.  The  figures  represent  views  of 
the  posterior  caudal  stylets.  This  species  was  dredged  abundantly  on  stems  of 
Bultenice  in  20  f.,  rocks,  off  Moose  Inlet,  towards  the  Seal  Islands.  It  afterwards 
occurred  sparingly  in  10  f.,  off  Cheney's  Head,  and  in  25  f.,  off  Duck  Island. 
Specimens  occurred  on  the  tenth  of  August,  with  eggs,  which  were  hatched  on  the 
twenty-fifth  of  the  same  month. 

The  Cerapus  rubricornis  inhabits  flexible  tubes,  of  sizes  corresponding  to  that  of 
the  individuals,  composed  of  fine  mud  and  some  animal  cement  by  which  it  is 
agglutinated.  These  tubes  are  generally  adherent  for  about  one-half  their  length, 
and  closed  below.  They  are  usually  found  in  large  groups,  attached  to  submarine 
objects,  and  to  each  other.  The  animals  are  very  active,  protruding  and  retracting 
the  anterior  portion  of  their  bodies,  while  their  antennae  are  in  continual  motion, 
lashing  about  in  search  of  some  object  which  might  serve  for  food.  It  is  very  amus- 
ing to  watch  a  colony  of  these  animals,  with  their  comical  gestures  in  their  disputes 
with  each  other,  and  their  awkward  celerity  in  regaining  their  respective  tubes 
after  having  left  them  on  temporary  excursions.  I  have  in  no  instance  met  with  an 
individual  transporting  a  free  tube,  as  is  said  by  Mr.  Say  to  be  the  case  with  his 
C.  tubularis.  (Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  i.  51;  PI.  iv.,  f.  7-11.)  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  tube  is  fabricated  by  the  animal,  and  this  is  not  without  precedent  in  the 
Crustacea,  for  I  have  often  met  with  examples  of  Pagurus,  which  had  enlarged  their 


48  MARINE  1NVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

borrowed  shells  by  additions  to  its  aperture.  From  what  I  have  seen  in  such  species 
of  CoropMdce  as  have  fallen  under  my  observation,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that 
most  of  the  members  of  that  family  form  more  or  less  permanent  tubes  under  cer- 
tain circumstances.  The  Unciola,  when  kept  in  captivity,  will  frequently  retire  to 
some  corner  and  collect  the  sand  around  it  by  some  glutinous  substance,  so  as  to 
form  a  cavity,  in  which  it  will  often  remain  for  some  time ;  but  it  may  easily  be 
made  to  leave  it,  and  will  make  another  if  it  be  destroyed.  On  the  other  hand, 
some  of  the  other  individuals  in  the  same  jar  will  make  no  tubes ;  and  often  at  low 
water  it  may  be  seen  swimming  about  perfectly  free.  The  same  is  true  of  some  of 
the  other  species  of  the  family  here  mentioned,  and  of  many  species  whose  habits 
I  had  opportunities  of  observing  in  the  Harbor  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  the  winter 
of  1851-2. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  and  the  succeeding  descriptions,  that  the  female  of 
Cerapus  has  uniarticulate  fingers  on  the  second  pair  of  legs,  and  Kroyer  mentions 
an  instance  of  a  male  Podocerus  having  bi-articulate  fingers.  It  might  be  concluded 
from  this  that  the  genera  should  be  united.  But  there  are  Podoceri  in  which  both 
males  and  females  have  uniarticulate  fingers;  to  these  the  genus  should  perhaps 
be  restricted,  while  Kroyer's  species  will  come  under  Cerapus.  Dana  gives,  in  a 
diagnosis  of  Cerapus,  "  Styli  caudales  3tii  biramei,  ramis  subaequis,  longiusculis" 
(Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  xiv.  309).  In  the  Cerapi  herein  described,  however,  the 
posterior  pair  of  these  caudal  appendages  consists  of  two  thick  simple  stylets,  at 
the  extremities  of  which  are  articulated  one  or  two  short  spines,  curved  upward. 

CERAPUS  FUCICOLA,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  34.  Male,  slender,  smooth  above,  with  the 
breadth  and  height  about  equal.  Epimera,  small  but  conspicuous,  proportionally 
larger  than  in  C.  rubricornis.  Inferior  antennas  stout,  strongly  subpcdiform,  with 
their  terminal  articles  constituting  about  one-fourth  their  length.  Superior  antennae 
of  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  inferior  ones.  First  pair  of  legs  very  small, 
subchelate.  Second  pair  with  long  curved  basal  articles;  the  fourth  or  antepenulti- 
mate short;  the  penultimate  elongated,  very  thick,  curved,  thickly  hirsute  along  the 
inner  edge  with  short  pinnate  hairs,  and  with  a  stout  curved  finger  of  less  than  half 
its  length.  Third  and  fourth  pairs  with  long  narrow  basal  articles ;  last  three  pairs 
with  broad  ones.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  last  pair  short,  the  peduncle  constituting 
nearly  their  whole  length,  with  two  very  short  curved  processes  at  the  extremity  of 
each.  Female,  differing  from  the  male  in  having  its  superior  antennae  of  nearly 
the  same  length  with  the  inferior  ones,  and  in  its  small,  slender,  simply  subchelate 
feet  of  the  second  pair,  which  have  no  pinnate  hairs.  The  color  varies  from  light 
olive  or  greenish,  to  bright  crimson.  Eyes  usually  white.  The  articles  of  the 
antennae  are  sometimes  alternately  red  and  white.  Length  of  a  large  male,  0.36 
inch.  Proportions  :  breadth,  .22  ;  length  of  inferior  antenna,  .61  ;  of  a  leg  of  the 
2d  pair,  .59  ;  of  a  leg  of  the  6th  pair,  .46.  The  figure  represents  the  caudal  stylets. 
It  inhabits  slender  tubes,  which  are  found  in  considerable  numbers  on  large  algae 
in  the  laminarian  zone.  In  this  species,  the  hand  is  formed  of  the  penultimate 
article  of  the  second  pair  of  legs,  the  preceding  article  being  very  short ;  so  that  it 
cannot  strictly  remain  in  the  genus.  But  it  is  so  closely  allied  in  general  appear- 
ance, habit,  and  details  to  the  preceding  species,  that  it  cannot  with  propriety  be 
separated. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  49 

CERAPUS  FASCIATUS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  35.  Female,  elongated,  head  narrow,  thorax 
very  broad  in  the  middle,  where  the  height  equals  scarcely  one-third  of  the  breadth ; 
abdomen  very  slender  throughout  its  length,  being  about  one-half  the  width  of  the 
thorax.  Antennas  very  slender,  with  long  flagella,  the  inferior  arising  much  behind, 
and  somewhat  longer  than  the  superior  ones,  which  are  greatly  thickened  at  their 
bases.  Legs  of  the  first  two  pairs  with  small  subcheliform  hands,  those  of  the 
second  pair  largest.  The  remaining  thoracic  legs  are  slender,  the  third  and  fourth 
pairs  with  oval  basal  articles,  and  the  last  pair  longer  than  the  others.  Natatory 
feet  of  great  length.  Caudal  stylets  very  long  and  slender,  those  of  the  first  pair 
projecting  beyond  the  others,  those  of  the  last  pair  short  and  rather  thick,  each 
terminating  in  two  short  curved  processes.  Ground  color  wine-yellow,  with  narrow 
transverse  bands  of  dark-reddish  brown,  one  to  each  segment,  on  the  back.  The 
small  epimera  of  the  last  three  thoracic  segments  are  also  dark  brown.  Eyes  rather 
large,  rounded,  black.  Length,  0.32  inch ;  proportions  of  other  parts :  greatest 
breadth,  .23;  length  of  superior  antenna),  .5;  of  the  last  pair  of  legs,  .44;  of  the 
abdomen,  .43  ;  of  the  first  pair  of  caudal  stylets,  .19.  The  figure  -represents  the 
caudal  stylets,  seen  from  above.  It  was  dredged  in  thirty-five  fathoms,  on  a  gravelly 
bottom,  in  the  Hake  Bay.  The  degree  of  elongation  and  flexibility  of  the  terminal 
articles  of  the  antennae  seems  a  character  of  insufficient  importance  to  separate  this 
species  from  Cerapus. 

ORCHESTIA  GRTLLUS,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  334.  Talitrus  gryllus,  Bosc,  Hist.  Nat. 
des  Crust.,  ii.  104  (?).  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  i.  386.  This  species  is  found 
plentifully  among  the  half-dried  Fuel,  which  line  some  of  the  shores  just  above 
high-water  mark  in  large  quantities.  It  is  of  a  dark-yellowish  color,  very  glossy, 
with  three  dark  olive  longitudinal  bands  along  the  back.  It  is  very  active,  leaping 
to  considerable  distances.  I  have  never  found  it  immersed,  although  some  moisture 
is,  of  course,  necessary  to  its  existence.  The  species  found  in  similar  positions  in 
Massachusetts  Bay  is  undoubtedly  the  same,  but  there  are  doubts  whether  it  is 
identical  with  that  described  by  Bosc,  from- the  salt  marshes  of  South  Carolina. 

ALLORCHESTES  LITTORALIS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  36.  Small,  robust,  rounded  above,  smooth 
and  shining;  eyes  very  large,  black,  rounded,  not  far  removed  from  each  other; 
superior  antenna)  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  inferior  ones,  which  are  rather 
stout,  and  equal  in  length  about  one-fourth  that  of  the  body ;  second  pair  of  legs 
with  short,  but  stout  hands,  much  larger  than  those  of  the  first  pair;  posterior  legs 
long,  with  each  article  projecting  a  little  at  the  insertion  of  the  succeeding  one.  Caudal 
stylets  short,  but  very  thick,  spinous;  those  of  the  first  pair  much  the  longest;  the 
simple  ones  of  the  posterior  pair  very  short  but  thick  at  base.  Tail  terminating  in 
an  arched  lamella.  Color  varying  from  bright  green,  through  the  various  shades  of 
olive,  to  brown.  Length,  0.3  inch.  Taken  abundantly  on  stones  in  the  second 
subregion  of  the  littoral  zone,  especially  where  the  Fucus  nodosus  and  F.  vesiculosus 
flourish.  It  occurs  on  our  whole  coast  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to  Grand  Manan. 

LYSIANASSA  SPINIFERA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  smooth  and  shining,  slightly  compressed, 
but  rounded  above,  broadest  anteriorly,  tumid  at  the  head,  and  much  compressed 
at  the  abdomen,  which  constitutes  nearly  one-half  the  length  of  the  body.  Epimera 
not  very  large.  Head  rounded,  with  a  prominent  down-curving  rostrum,  and  rather 


50  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

large  red  eyes.  Superior  antennas  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  inferior  ones,  thick  at 
their  bases,  but  tapering  suddenly  after  the  juncture  of  the  long  accessory  flagellum, 
which  is  nearly  one-half  the  length  of  the  principal  one.  Inferior  antennas  with 
very  thick  basal  articles,  and  equalling  in  length  two-thirds  that  of  the  body,  their 
flagella  constituting  more  than  one-half  their  length.  Legs  hairy,  all  terminating 
in  short  hooked  fingers  ;  those  of  the  first  two  pairs  slender,  longer  than  the  rest, 
with  the  antepenultimate  article  in  each  a  little  expanded,  but  scarce  sufficiently 
to  form  a  hand.  Posterior  legs  much  shorter  than  usual,  and  provided  along  their 
edges  with  sjiort  spine-like  hairs.  First  three  segments  of  the  abdomen  serrated 
above  on  their  posterior  edges ;  last  three  compressed  above  into  sharp  spine-like 
projections,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  the  longest.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  pair 
very  long  and  slender,  projecting  beyond  the  sharp  extremities  of  the  second  pair, 
which  are  short,  while  those  of  the  third  pair  are  long,  with  long  lanceolate  rami 
projecting  beyond  the  others.  The  tail  terminates  in  two  long  spines.  Color  wine- 
yellow  ;  inferior  antennae  annulate  with  reddish.  Length,  0.32  inch.  Dredged  in 
forty  fathoms  on  a  soft  muddy  bottom  off  Long  Island,  G.  M. 

ANONTX  NOBILIS,  St.,  n.  s.  This  species  most  resembles  A.  ajyendiculosits,  Kroyer, 
Grb'nlands  Amfipoder,  Tab.  i.  f.  2,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  following  particulars. 
The  black  eyes  are  oblong  or  oval,  and  sometimes  nearly  round,  instead  of  clavate. 
The  basal  joints  of  the  superior  antennas  are  cylindrical  rather  than  conical.  The 
epimerals  are  much  larger,  especially  those  of  the  fifth  segment ;  and  there  are  no 
deep  serrations  on  the  edges  of  the  femora  in  the  last  two  pairs  of  legs.  The  rami 
of  the  last  pair  of  caudal  stylets  are  much  larger.  Color  white.  Antennas  light 
fawn.  Length  three-fourths  of  an  inch.  It  was  taken  in  considerable  numbers  on 
the  sandy  flats  of  Fisher's  Cove,  Nantucket  Island,  etc.,  at  low-water  mark. 

The  curious  appendicula  on  the  segments  of  the  flagella  of  the  antennas  appear 
like  little  flasks  attached  by  their  constricted  necks.  The  legs  of  the  second  pair 
terminate  in  small,  compressed,  circular  articles,  provided  with  hairs,  but  without 
any  indication  of  a  finger  or  nail. 

A.  POLITUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Elongated,  broad  and  rounded  above,  but  with  less  height 
than  is  usual  in  Anonyx;  head  small,  tumid,  with  the  eyes  subrectangular,  but 
broadest  below,  and  of  a  bright  red  color.  Superior  antennas  very  short  and  thick, 
regularly  tapering  to  a  point,  with  a  short  accessory  flagellum,  and  in  length  one- 
fourth  that  of  the  inferior  ones,  which  equal  in  length  about  one-half  that  of  the 
body,  and  have  very  long  and  slender  flagella.  Legs  of  the  first  pair  with  small 
but  well-formed  subcheliform  hands ;  those  of  the  second  pair  very  long,  but  usually 
bent  up  beneath  the  epimera,  and  terminating  in  a  small,  flat,  rounded,  hirsute 
article,  without  a  nail.  Abdomen  with  a  deep  sinus  between  the  segments  bearing 
the  natatory  feet,  and  those  bearing  the  caudal  stylets;  all  of  which  latter  append- 
ages terminate  in  long,  smooth,  pointed  rami.  The  tail  terminates  in  two  pointed 
spines,  about  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  last  pair  of  caudal  stylets.  Color  light- 
yellow.  Length,  0.4  inch.  Dredged  in  forty  fathoms,  on  a  soft  muddy  bottom  off 
Long  Island,  G.  M. 

A.  PALLIDUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  short,  slightly  compressed,  rounded  above,  with  a 
sinus  at  the  abdomen  as  in  A.  politus.  Head  with  large,  black,  subclavate  eyes, 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  '    51 

broadest  below,  as  in  A.  appendiculosus,  Kr.  Antennae  hairy,  very  short,  the  superior 
ones  very  thick  and  tapering,  equalling  the  inferior  ones  in  length,  that  is,  reaching 
the  second  thoracic  segment.  Legs  slender,  very  hairy,  in  structure  like  those  of 
the  above  species.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  two  pairs  long  and  pointed,  slightly 
serrated  above,  those  of  the  last  pair  short,  thick,  and  spinous.  Color  pale-whitish, 
the  brownish  viscera  showing  through  along  the  middle.  Length,  0.35.  Taken  in 
four  fathoms,  in  sand,  off  Duck  Island  moorings ;  in  ten  fathoms  off  Cheney's  Head ; 
and  in  twenty  fathoms,  mud  and  shells,  off  the  northern  point  of  Duck  Island. 

A.  EXIGUUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Minute,  compressed,  but  rounded  on  the  back;  last  three 
thoracic  segments  nearly  equalling  the  first  four  in  extent.  Epimera  of  the  first 
four  pairs  equalling  in  height  that  of  the  segments  which  bear  them.  Abdomen 
with  its  third  segment  tumid  posteriorly,  and  curving  downwards  to  the  fourth, 
thus  forming  a  sinus,  which  appears  deeper  from  a  blunt  projection  on  the  middle 
of  the  fifth  segment.  Head  small,  with  the  eyes  bright  red  or  vermilion  in  color 
Superior  antennae  short  and  thick,  about  half  the  length  of  the  very  slender  inferior 
ones,  which  reach  the  fourth  thoracic  segment.  Legs  slender,  in  structure  nearly 
the  same  as  in  the  above  species.  The  posterior  five  pairs  terminate  in  long  slender 
fingers.  Basal  joints  of  the  posterior  three  pairs  very  broadly  expanded,  and  deeply 
serrated  along  their  posterior  edges.  Caudal  stylets  as  in  A.  politiis.  Color  yellow- 
ish. Length,  0.2  inch.  Dredged  on  sandy  bottoms  in  8-15  fathoms,  east  of  the 
Passage,  and  off  Cheney's  Head. 

STENOTHOE  CLTPEATA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  compresged ;  epimera  very  large,  especially 
those  of  the  fourth  pair,  which  constitute  great  shields  extending  for  a  length  equal 
to  that  of  three  thoracic  segments.  Superior  antennae  short,  curved,  with  long 
flagella;  inferior  antennce  long  and  slender,  with  very  short  flagella.  External 
maxillipeds  very  long,  reaching  up  to  the  bases  of  the  antennae.  First  pair  of  legs 
slender,  with  small  hands ;  those  of  the  second  pair  with  very  large  hands,  each  of 
which  has  two  strong  teeth  on  the  lower  edge,  the  basal  one  longest,  and  a  stout, 
curved  finger.  Legs  of  the  fifth  pair  wanting  the  expansions  of  the  basal  joints. 
Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  two  pairs  biramous,  subulate ;  those  of  the  third  pair 
simple,  terminating  in  a  thick  sharp  spine.  Tail  terminating  in  a  minute  elongated 
scale.  Natatory  feet  terminating  in  long  slender  lashes.  Color,  bright  yellow  ;  in 
the  young,  pale  bluish.  Eyes  conspicuous,  red.  Length,  0.5  inch.  Dredged  in 
thirty  fathoms,  on  a  shelly  bottom  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

LEUCOTHOE  GRANDIMANUS,  St.,  n.  s.,  Fig.  37.  Large,  robust,  thick;  epimera  very 
small;  head  depressed  below  the  first  thoracic  segment,  subquadrate,  with  a  slight 
rostrum  in  front,  between  the  superior  antennas.  Eyes  large,  on  the  sides  of  the  head. 
Mandibles  with  minute,  triarticulate  palpi.  Maxillipeds  slender,  freely  projecting. 
Superior  antennae  with  very  thick  and  elongated  basal  articles,  and  short  flagella ; 
inferior  ones  arising  some  distance  below,  and  much  more  slender,  but  about  as 
long  as  the  superior  ones,  which  are  in  length  about  one-fourth  that  of  the  body. 
In  the  first  pair  of  legs  the  third  joint  is  very  minute,  the  antepenult  subquadrate, 
compressed,  and  with  its  inferior  apex  produced  into  a  slender  process,  or  thumb, 
of  equal  length  with  the  penult  joint,  which  is  very  much  elongated,  slender,  and 


52  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

bears  a  slightly  curved  finger,  or  terminal  unguiform  joint,  which  overlaps  the  thumb 
for  nearly  half  its  length.  In  the  second  pair  of  legs,  the  antepenult  joint  projects 
into  a  curved  thumb  of  about  half  the  length  of  the  penult  article,  which  forms  a 
thick  ovate  hand  of  great  size,  equalling  in  length  more  than  that  of  the  first  three 
thoracic  segments  together.  Its  finger  is  strong,  and  curved.  The  remaining  legs 
are  rather  long,  but  very  slender,  with  short  terminal  joints.  Caudal  stylets  long, 
slender,  nearly  smooth,  and  pointed.  Color,  in  life,  pale  yellowish.  Length,  0.44 
inch;  height  at  the  fourth  segment,  0.14  inch;  breadth,  0.12  inch.  Dredged  in 
thirty  fathoms,  on  a  shelly  bottom  off  Low  Duck  Island. 

ACANTHONOTUS  SERRATUS,  St.  Oniscus  serratus,  O.  Fabr.,  Fauna  Gronl.,  No. 
237.  Amphithoe  serra,  Kroyer,  Gronlands  Amfipoder,  t.  2,  f.  8.  This  species  is  very 
beautiful  in  coloration,  which  consists  of  deep  pink  annulations,  one  to  each  seg- 
ment of  the  body,  on  a  yellowish-white  ground.  The  anterior  half  of  each  ring  is 
thus  pink,  and  the  posterior  half  white.  The  last  pair  of  epimerals  is  also  con- 
spicuously colored.  The  anterior  halves  of  the  antennae  are  also  red.  This  species 
occurred  in  thirty-five  fathoms  on  a  gravelly  bottom,  north-east  of  Nantucket  Island. 

AMPHITHONOTUS1  CATAPHRACTUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  robust,  carapax  very  stout,  with 
seven  carinae  extending  for  greater  or  less  distances  on  the  back  and  sides,  viz. : 
one  strong  median  dorsal  carina  commencing  on  the  first  thoracic  segment,  becom- 
ing strongly  dentate  on  the  last  thoracic  segments,  and  ceasing  on  the  second 
abdominal ;  the  next  two  carinae  (proceeding  outwards)  are  developed  in  the  form 
of  strong  teeth  on  the  last  two  thoracic,  and  all  the  abdominal  segments,  being 
spine-like  on  the  second,  and  almost  lamelliform  on  the  last,  four  abdominals ;  the 
next  carinaa  are  sharp  ridges,  extending  along  the  bases  of  the  epimera,  and  slightly 
continued  on  the  first  two  abdominal  segments ;  and  the  last,  or  outer  carinaa,  are 
very  short,  extending  only  along  the  bases  of  the  last  three  pairs  of  legs.  Epimera 
large,  angular.  Head  with  very  large,  rounded,  convex  eyes,  and  a  rostrum  of 
great  size,  which  is  elongate-triangular,  pointed,  curving  downwards,  concave  above, 
and  with  a  sharp  median  ridge  below.  Antennas  slender,  about  equal  in  length, 
and  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body.  Legs  of  the  first  two  pairs  with  large  ovate 
hands,  dentate  below,  with  curved  fingers  of  about  two-thirds  their  length ;  ante- 
penult joints  with  slight  thumbs.  The  remaining  legs  are  slender ;  femora  of  pos- 
terior pairs  but  slightly  expanded.  Caudal  stylets  all  biramous ;  external  rami  of 
the  last  two  pairs  shorter  than  the  inner  ones.  Tail  terminating  in  a  subquadrate 
lamella.  Color  very  variable,  generally  dark  reddish  or  brown,  variegated  and 
mottled  with  white.  Some  specimens  were  of  a  uniform  deep  purple,  others  pure 
white.  Eyes  yellowish  or  vermilion  colored,  with  a  black  dot  in  the  middle. 
Length,  half  an  inch.  This  is  one  of  the  most  curious,  and  by  far  the  finest  species 

1  Amphith&notus,  Costa,  in  Catalogo  Crustacei  Italiani,  per  Fr.  Gugl.  Hope,  Napoli,  1851.  "  Ulis  ex 
AmpJiithois  sp.  constitutum  est  hoc  genus,  quae  dorsum  vel  omnino  carinatum  et  spinosum,  vel  saltern 
quibusdam  abdominis  articulis  si  non  et  thoracis  postice  in  spinam  vel  dentem  productis  habent ;  ex  quo 
peculiarem  habitum  praebent,  Amph.  marionis,  Edw.,  A.  panopJa,  Kroyer,  A.  carinatus,  ejusd.  et  quae 
sequntur  ad  hunc  genus  pertinent."  This  genus  is  synonymous  with  Acanthosoma,  Owen  ;  which  name, 
however,  is  preoccupied  in  insects.  It  may  include  those  species  of  Amphithoe  which  have  dorsal  carina}, 
and  small  epimera  of  the  fifth  pair. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  53 

taken.  It  occurred  only  once,  but  then  in  considerable  numbers,  in  ten  fathoms, 
on  a  sandy  bottom,  inside  of  Duck  Island  ledge.  It  resembles  Acanthosoma  hystrix, 
Owen,  which,  however,  has  no  rostrum.  Certain  northern  Acanthonoti  also  ap- 
proach it  in  external  appearance;  but  the  characters  of  the  legs  of  the  first  two 
pairs  separate  it  from  that  genus.  In  its  very  hard  carapax  and  large  strong 
epimera,  it  possesses  great  security ;  and,  when  disturbed,  it  rolls  itself  up  and 
remains  quiescent,  as  if  feigning  death,  as  is  the  manner  of  some  spiders.  Most 
other  Amphipods  will,  on  the  contrary,  endeavor  to  escape  when  molested.  When 
in  motion,  this  animal  preserves  an  erect  posture,  like  the  Isopods,  with  its  tail 
bent  up  underneath.  It  seldom  swims,  but  makes  powerful  leaps  by  means'  of  its 
well-developed  caudal  stylets. 

AiiPHiTHOE1  VIRESCENS,  St.,  n.  s.  Slender,  of  a  softer  structure  than  is  usual, 
smooth  and  rounded  above.  Epimera  small,  rounded  below.  Head  of  moderate 
size,  with  very  small  red  eyes.2  Antennae  about  equal  in  length,  more  than  half 
as  long  as  the  body ;  the  superior  ones  with  flagella  constituting  nearly  two-thirds 
of  their  length  ;  the  inferior  ones  thick-based,  and  slightly  subpediform.  Mandibles 
large,  with  their  curved  apices  long  and  projecting.  Legs  covered  with  long 
simple  hairs;  the  first  two  pairs  with  hands  of  moderate  size,  equal;  posterior  three 
pairs  with  strong,  hooked,  terminal  articles.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  two  pairs 
spinous  above ;  those  of  the  last  pair  with  short,  thick  rami,  the  outer  ones  having 
two  hooks  at  their  extremities  above,  the  inner  ones  simply  hairy.  Natatory  feet 
of  great  length.  Color,  pale-greenish,  with  minute  black  punctse  distantly  and 
regularly  arranged,  most  numerous  on  the  epimera.  Length,  0.45  inch  ;  height  at 
the  fourth  segment,  0.1  inch  ;  breadth,  0.08  inch.  Dredged  in  four  fathoms,  on  a 
nullipore  bottom,  off  Duck  Island  boat-moorings. 

A.  MACULATA,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  rather  broad,  smooth  and  well  rounded  above ; 
epimera  of  moderate  size,  those  of  the  fifth  pair  largest ;  antennae  rather  stout,  sub- 
equal  ;  inferior  ones  subpediform,  with  very  short  terminal  articles ;  hands  of  the 
second  pair  of  legs  larger  than  those  of  the  first  pair ;  posterior  five  pairs  with 
small,  sharp,  curved  nails;  fifth  pair  very  short;  caudal  stylets  short  and  thick. 
Color  greenish  or  grayish,  with  very  numerous  minute  punctations,  and  a  white 
spot  on  each  of  the  segments  along  the  middle  of  the  back.  Length,  0.65  inch ; 
breadth,  0.14  inch;  height  at  the  fourth  segment,  0.15  inch;  length  of  antennaa, 
0.22  inch ;  of  the  second  pair  of  legs,  0.2  inch ;  of  the  head  and  first  five  segments 
together,  0.34  inch  ;  of  the  abdomen,  0.28  inch.  Taken  on  rocky  bottoms  in  the 
laminarian  zone,  and  occasionally  at  low  water.  It  differs  from  the  last  species  in 
being  more  robust  and  of  a  much  harder  structure ;  also  totally  in  coloration. 

IPHIMEDIA  VULGARIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Smooth,  subcompressed,  abdomen  with  segments 
slightly  projecting  at  the  articulations,  but  not  dentated;  head  large,  with  very 
large  reniform  eyes,  which  are  colorless  in  preserved  specimens.  Antennae  sub- 

1  The  genus  is  here  taken  as  restricted  by  Dana ;  to  those  species  which  have  large  epimera  of  the  fifth 
pair,  and  uncinate  external  rami  to  the  posterior  caudal  stylets. 

2  The  color  of  the  eyes  is  quite  characteristic  of  the  species  in  the  Amphipoda.     It  is,  however,  only  to 
be  observed  in  living  individuals ;  as  the  eyes  invariably  become  either  black  or  colorless  after  death. 

8 


54  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

equal,  with  very  long,  slender,  filiform  flagella,  and  in  length  about  equalling  that 
of  the  body ;  the  superior  ones  thick-based,  and  a  little  the  largest.  Mandibles 
with  sharp  curved  apices,  and  large  palpi  consisting  of  three  articles,  the  basal  one 
of  which  is  very  short,  the  second  broad,  and  the  terminal  one  very  slender. 
Maxillipeds  slender,  pointed,  with  large  internal  lamellae.  Hands  very  small, 
those  of  the  first  pair  largest.  Posterior  five  pairs  very  slender,  terminating  in 
curved  fingers.  Natatory  feet  well  developed.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  two 
pairs  almost  acicular,  with  small  spines  above ;  those  of  the  third  pair  with  broad 
lancet-shaped  rami.  Tail  terminating  in  two  lamelliform  spines.  Color  variable, 
generally  dark-mottled  purplish.  Length,  0.4  inch,  generally  much  smaller.  It 
differs  from  Amph.  inermis,  Kr.,  Grb'nl.  Amfip.,  t.  iii.  f.  11,  in  its  larger  eyes  and 
epimera,  and  much  longer  caudal  stylets.  This  species  may  always  be  found  in  the 
greatest  abundance  in  the  little  pools  left  by  the  tide  among  the  rocks  near  low- 
water  mark.  They  are  very  active,  swimming  about  in  all  directions,  and  seldom 
resting  long  in  one  place. 


MONOCULODES,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  tumid  anteriorly;  head  rostrate,  with  the  eyes  so  close  together  as  to 
appear  one.  Superior  antennae  without  accessory  flagellum;  inferior  ones  sub- 
pediform.  Legs  of  the  first  two  pairs  with  large  subcheliform  hands,  formed  of  the 
last  two  articles  of  each ;  the  antepenult  joints  having  their  inferior  apices  pro- 
duced into  slender  thumbs.  Legs  of  the  posterior  five  pairs  unguiculate,  those  of 
the  last  pair  being  exceedingly  long.  Caudal  stylets  all  biramous ;  the  rami  being 
equal.  Maxillipeds  large,  elongated,  with  unguiform  terminal  articles,  and  internal 
lamellse  of  about  one-half  their  length.  Mandibles  palpigerous. 

This  genus  resembles  Eusirus  in  the  structure  of  the  hands,  and  (Edicerus  in  its 
long  posterior  feet. 

M.  DEMISSUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  smooth  and  shining,  broad  and  thick  anteriorly, 
and  slender  posteriorly;  the  abdomen  constituting  more  than  three-sevenths  of  the 
total  length.  Epimera  of  the  first  five  pairs  of  considerable  size;  the  rest  very 
small.  Head  tumid,  terminating  anteriorly  in  a  large,  subtriangular  rostrum, 
curving  downward;  at  the  base  of  which  above  are  the  large  vermilion-colored 
eyes,  which  are  so  near  together  as  to  appear  one,  even  when  viewed  from  above. 
Antennae  thick-based  and  about  equal  in  length,  reaching  the  fourth  thoracic  seg- 
ment; the  superior  ones  with  a  much  longer  flagellum  than  the  subpediform  inferior 
ones.  Legs  of  the  first  two  pairs  with  large  oval  hands,  strong  fingers,  and  thumbs 
formed  from  prolongations  from  the  antepenult  joints,  which  are  largest  in  the 
second  pair.  The  remaining  legs  are  simply  unguiculate,  the  fifth  and  sixth  pairs 
being  very  short,  and  the  seventh  of  great  length.  Caudal  stylets  nearly  smooth,  of 
considerable  length,  tapering  to  fine  points;  the  first  pair  reaching  the  extremities 
of  the  third.  Color  wine  yellow.  Length,  0.35  inch.  Dredged  in  four  fathoms, 
on  a  coarse  sand  and  nullipore  bottom,  off  Duck  Island  boat-moorings. 

GAMMARUS  SABINII,  Leach,  Sabine's  Appendix,  t.  i.  f.  8-11;  Kroyer,  Cronland's 


MARINE  INVERTEBKATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN.  55 

Arnfipoder,  t.  i.  f.  3;  Tidsskr.,  ii.  257.  The  specimens  obtained  differ  from  the 
figures  and  descriptions  of  the  above  species,  in  possessing  the  same  appendicula 
to  the  flagella  which  are  seen  in  Ananyx  appendiculosus  and  nobilis.  This  is  per- 
haps a  sexual  character;  if  so,  the  specimens  figured  by  Kroyer,  in  his  Gronland's 
Amfipoder,  are  females.  The  hands,  also,  are  there  represented  smaller  than  is 
the  case  with  our  specimens. 

G.  MACROPTHALMUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Very  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species  in  color 
and  general  appearance.  The  back,  however,  is  carinated  only  al  the  abdomen, 
which  readily  distinguishes  it.  The  appendicular  branches  of  the  superior  antennae 
are  minute,  and  scarcely  perceptible.  Eyes  very  large,  subreniform,  near  each 
other.  Epimera  small.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  pair  as  long  as  those  of  the 
second;  both  with  their  outer  rami  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  inner  ones;  last 
pair  with  broad,  lancet-shaped  rami,  shorter  than  in  G.  Sabinii.  Color  sometimes 
bright  crimson,  but  usually  mottled  red  and  flake- white;  very  variable.  Length, 
0.5  inch;  of  the  inferior  antennae,  which  are  longest,  0.2.  Dredged  on  rocky  bot- 
toms in  the  laminarian  zone,  and  occasionally  taken  at  low-water  mark. 

G.  PULEX.  Cancer  pulex,  Lin.  Oniscus  pulex,  Mull. ;  0.  Fabr.,  F.  G.,  254.  Gam- 
marus  locusta,  Mont.,  Lin.,  Trans.,  ix.,  pi.  iv.  f.  1;  Kroyer,  Gronl.  Amf.,  27;  Tidsskr. 
ii.  258;  Gould.  Inv.  Mass.,  334.  This  species  is  very  abundant  under  stones  in  all 
parts  of  the  littoral  zone.  It  is  usually  of  a  dark-green  color,  but  often  lighter, 
never,  however,  variegated.  The  length  of  some  specimens  is  more  than  an  inch. 
Notwithstanding  its  abundance  on  the  shores,  only  one  specimen  occurred  below 
low-water  mark,  which  probably  got  there  accidentally;  showing  that  the  littoral 
zone  is  its  proper  habitat. 

G.  PURPURATUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Large,  compressed,  but  rounded  on  the  back,  with 
slight  spinous  prominences  on  the  posterior  abdominal  segments,  as  in  G.  pulex. 
Eyes  small,  black,  oval.  Superior  antennae  slender,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  body, 
with  very  slender  accessory  flagella;  inferior  ones  five-sevenths  as  long  as  the  supe- 
riors. Hands  of  the  second  pair  much  the  largest ;  femora  of  the  posterior  pairs  of 
legs  very  large,  and  suboblong.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  posterior  pair  with  the  internal 
rami  minute,  and  the  external  ones  long,  thick,  and  sword-shaped,  equalling  in  length 
one-fifth  that  of  the  body.  The  color  never  varies,  being  a  uniform  dark  purple  in 
all  the  specimens  which  have  come  under  my  notice.  Length  one  and  one-tenth 
inch.  Taken  on  a  sandy  bottom,  in  twelve  fathoms,  off  Cheney's  Head.  It  also 
occurs  in  deep  water  in  Massachusetts  Bay.  Except  in  color,  this  species  has  almost 
precisely  the  external  appearance  of  G.  pulex;  but  the  remarkable  character  of  the 
posterior  pair  of  caudal  stylets  at  once  distinguishes  it.  They  are  also  entirely  dif- 
ferent in  station. 


PTILOCHEIRUS,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  broad,  as  in  the  Corophidce;  epimera  large  and  strong,  much  higher  than 
broad.  Mandibles  with  greatly  elongated  palpi;  maxillipeds  with  their  internal 
lamellae  of  half  their  own  length.  Superior  antennas  appendiculate,  inferior  ones 


56  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 

subpediform.  Legs  of  the  first  pair  subchelate,  very  thick  and  strong  throughout 
their  length,  in  the  male;  those  of  the  second  pair  plumose,  without  hands,  but 
minutely  unguiculate;  those  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  small,  slender,  and 
tapering,  with  the  last  three  articles  forming  a  kind  of  hooked  finger,  but  with  no 
dilated  hand;  posterior  three  pairs  strongly  unguiculate;  those  of  the  last  pair 
much  the  longest.  Caudal  stylets  all  biramous,  those  of  the  first  two  pairs  with  a 
strong  spine  projecting  from  the  inferior  apex  of  the  peduncle,  along  with  the  rami. 

This  genus  resembles  in  most  characters  Leptoclnrus,  Zaddach,  and  may  perhaps 
prove  the  same;  that  name,  however,  is  preoccupied  in  insects.  It  has  relations 
with  the  Rtntoporince  in  its  plumose  hairs,  and  somewhat  in  the  structure  of  the 
legs  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs;  while  it  also  approaches  those  genera  of  the 
QammarincB  which  recall  the  Corophidce. 

P.  PINGUIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Male,  robust,  very  broad  anteriorly,  narrowing  posteriorly; 
head  large,  equalling  in  length  that  of  the  first  thoracic  segment,  and  bearing  the 
reniform  black  eyes  at  the  anterior  angles,  between  the  bases  of  the  superior  and 
those  of  the  inferior  antennae.  First  thoracic  segment  equalling  in  length  that  of 
the  second  and  third  together;  third  abdominal  segment  also  very  large,  nearly 
equalling  the  first  and  second  together.  Epimera  very  strong;  the  first  large,  sub- 
rhomboidal;  the  second  much  the  largest,  projecting  downward,  and  furrowed  along 
the  middle;  the  fifth  very  small.  Superior  antennas  in  length  about  half  that  of 
the  body,  terminating  in  long  filiform  flagella,  with  a  minute  appendicular  branch; 
inferior  ones  as  long  as  the  superior,  and  strongly  subpediform.  Legs  of  the  first 
pair  very  thick  throughout  their  length,  with  a  very  short,  subquadrate  hand,  and 
curved  finger.  Those  of  the  second  pair  elongated,  covered  with  long  plumose 
hairs,  and  terminating  in  an  exceedingly  minute,  slender,  unguiform  article.  Legs 
of  the  posterior  pairs  with  well-expanded  femora.  Caudal  stylets  very  spiny  above, 
those  of  the  last  pair  short.  Female,  with  the  superior  antennas  longer  than  the 
inferior  ones ;  the  head  equalling  in  length  that  of  the  first  two  segments,  which 
equal  each  other,  together.  Epimera  of  the  first  pair  very  small,  subtriangular;  those 
of  the  second  pair  without  groove,  and  not  projecting  beyond  the  others,  though 
still  the  largest.  This  results  from  the  smaller  size  of  the  legs  of  the  first  pair, 
which  are  much  more  slender,  and  those  of  the  second  pair  proportionally  more 
elongated,  than  in  the  male. 

The  color  is  dark  grayish,  on  all  the  segments,  epimera,  and  femora,  except  at 
their  margins.  Antennae  and  legs  white.  The  dimensions  of  a  large  male  are  : 
Length,  0.64  inch ;  breadth,  0.18  in.;  height  at  the  third  thoracic  segment  (epi- 
mera included),  0.2  in. ;  length  of  a  leg  of  the  first  pair,  0.21  in. ;  one  of  the  seventh 
pair,  0.37  in.;  distance  between  the  centres  of  the  eyes,  0.06.  This  species  is 
abundant  on  the  whole  coast  of  New  England,  as  well  as  at  Grand  Man  an.  It  is 
most  abundant  on  sandy  bottoms  in  the  laminarian  zone ;  although  sometimes 
occurring  at  low-water  mark,  as  at  Fisher's  Cove ;  or  in  the  coralline  zone,  as  in 
twenty-five  fathoms,  off  Duck  Island. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN.  57 


PSEUDOPTHALIMUS,  St.,  n.  g. 

Body  greatly  compressed,  with  large  epimera.  Head  with  an  irregular  deposi- 
tion of  blackish  or  reddish  pigment  anteriorly,  in  which  are  one  or  two  orbicular 
clear  spots  on  each  side,  without  facets.  Maxillipeds  with  five  articles,  of  which 
the  terminal  one  is  oval :  internal  lamellae  with  combs  of  spines  at  their  apices. 
Mandibles  palpigerous.  Antennae  very  slender,  the  superior  ones  with  their  basal 
articles  much  thickened,  and  without  accessory  flagella ;  inferior  ones  arising  much 
behind  the  bases  of  the  superior  ones.  Legs  of  the  first  and  second  pairs  sometimes 
with  small  subcheliform  hands,  shorter  than  the  antepenult  segment,  but  often 
simply  unguiculate ;  those  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  elongated,  tapering,  with 
their  second  joints  very  small,  the  third  expanded  into  a  hand ;  posterior  pairs 
short;  last  pair  with  very  broad  basal  joints.  Caudal  stylets  all  biramous.  Tail 
terminating  in  a  thin  lamella.  Epimera  and  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  legs  with 
plumose  seta)  along  their  edges. 

P.  PELAGICUS,  St.,  n.  s.  Compressed,  very  smooth  and  shining;  head  with  dark- 
red  pigment,  with  two  clear  spots  on  each  side,  one  above  the  other,  at  the  bases  of 
the  superior  antennae.  Inferior  antennae  very  slender,  as  long  as  the  body;  supe- 
rior ones  two-fifths  as  long  as  the  inferior  ones.  Legs  slender,  posterior  ones  with 
few  stout  spine-like  hairs.  Caudal  stylets  of  the  first  and  third  pairs  projecting 
beyond  those  of  the  second.  Abdomen  sinuated  above  on  the  last  three  segments. 
Color  pale  wine-yellow.  Length,  0.4  inch.  Taken  on  a  soft  muddy  bottom  in 
35-50  fathoms,  off  Long  Island,  G.  M.,  and  in  30  f.,  sand,  in  the  Hake  Bay. 

Another  species  (P.  limicola,  St.,  n.  s.)  is  taken  at  low  water  in  Charleston  Har- 
bor, S.  C.,  living  in  holes  in  the  soft  mud,  which  is  larger  than  the  preceding,  and 
has  but  one  clear  eye-spot  on  each  side  of  the  head.  The  first  two  pairs  of  legs  are 
simply  unguiculate,  and  in  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  the  third  joint  fonns  a  slender 
hand,  and  the  last  three  joints  a  finger,  of  which  the  terminal  unguiform  article 
is  exceedingly  long  and  slender.  The  last  pair  of  caudal  stylets  terminate  in 
very  broad,  flat,  lanceolate  rami.  This  notice  of  a  southern  species  is  added  to 
illustrate  the  genus. 

PHOXUS  FUSIFORMIS,  St.,  n.  s.  Body  tapering  at  both  extremities.  Head  small, 
with  white  eyes.  Rostrum  subtriangular,  scarce  distinct  from  the  head,  broadly 
projecting  over  the  bases  of  the  antennae,  which  are  short,  in  structure  like  those 
of  Anonyx,  except  that  the  bases  of  the  inferior  ones  are  broad,  compressed,  and 
very  hairy  on  their  edges.  The  superior  and  inferior  ones  are  about  equal  in 
length,  and  would  reach  the  second  thoracic  segment.  The  accessory  flagella  of 
the  superior  ones  are  nearly  as  long  as  their  terminal  articles.  Legs  of  the  first 
two  pairs  subequal,  with  broad,  oval,  subcheliform  hands,  which  have  a  slight 
offset  on  the  lower  edge,  just  reached  by  the  finger  when  closed.  Third  and  fourth 
pairs  with  the  antepenult  article  but  slightly  expanded,  and  three  or  more  ungui- 
form spines  set  on  the  extremity  of  the  terminal  article.  Sixth  pair  with  long, 


58  MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN. 

straight,  spine-like  terminal  articles.  Antennae,  epimera,  and  legs  all  hirsute  with 
plumose  setae.  Caudal  stylets  all  biramous;  those  of  the  third  pair  with  the 
internal  rami  much  shorter  and  more  slender  than  the  outer  ones.  Tail  terminat- 
ing in  two  short  lamellae,  in  length  one-half  that  of  the  last  caudal  stylets.  Color 
white.  Length,  0.2  inch.  Dredged  on  coarse  sandy  bottoms,  in  the  laminarian 
and  coralline  zones.  It  has  more  nails  on  the  third  and  fourth  legs  than  P.  plumo- 
sus,  Kr. 

P.  KROYERI,  St.,  n.  s.  Larger,  and  thicker  than  the  preceding,  glabrous  above, 
and  of  a  pale-red  color,  with  the  eyes  white.  The  antennas,  legs,  and  epimera  are 
all  very  hairy,  but  the  hairs  are  simple  instead  of  plumose.  Superior  antennae 
shorter  and  more  slender  than  the  inferior  ones.  Mandibles  with  palpi  almost  as 
long  as  the  superior  antennae.  Legs  of  the  first  pair  with  more  elongated  hands 
than  in  the  preceding  species ;  those  of  the  sixth  pair  not  so  long  in  proportion. 
Third  and  fourth  pairs  with  simple  terminal  nails.  Tail  terminating  in  two  sharp 
spines.  Length,  0.3  inch.  Taken  at  low-water  mark,  on  a  sandy  shore,  at  High 
Duck  Island.  It  resembles  most  P.  HoTbollii,  Kr. 


STOMAPODA. 

MYSIS  OCDLATA,  (?)  Kr.  A  species  of  Mysis  is  very  abundant  in  the  waters  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  swimming  near  the  surface  in  swarms,  and  generally 
far  from  land.  They  form  almost  the  only  food  of  the  herring,  whose  stomachs 
may  always  be  found  distended  with  this  kind  of  food.  It  is  particularly  numerous 
in  what  are  called  the  "  Ripplings,"  which  take  place  on  the  flood-tide  at  a  line  of 
shoals  several  miles  east  of  Grand  Manan ;  which  form  the  chief  fishing-ground  of 
the  herring-catchers. 


DECAPODA. 

PANDALUS  LEVIGATUS,  St.,  n.  s.  This  large  species  differs  from  P.  borealis,  Kroyer, 
in  the  want  of  dorsal  spines  on  the  third  and  fourth  abdominal  rings,  and  in  hav- 
ing only  eleven  superior  spines  or  serrations  on  the  rostrum,  which  are  situated 
only  on  the  posterior  two-thirds  of  its  length.  Its  color  is  usually  a  very  pale 
yellow,  with  narrow  blue  lines  on  the  back.  Dredged  on  rocky  bottoms  in  the 
laminarian  zone. 

HIPPOLTTE  ACULEATA,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  332.  Very  common  in  the  laminarian 
zone.  It  is  beautifully  mottled  with  bright  red,  with  some  white  or  bluish  spots. 

CRANGON  VULGARIS,  Fabr.,  M.  Edw.,  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  331.  Taken,  not  com- 
monly, at  low  water,  in  sheltered,  sandy  coves. 

C.  BOREAS,  Phipps.  This  fine  species  was  dredged  in  four  fathoms,  on  a  nullipore 
bottom,  near  the  Passage,  and  in  twenty  fathoms,  shelly,  off  Duck  Island  ledge. 

HOMARUS  AMERICANUS,  M.  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Crust.,  ii.  334.  The  lobster  is 
said  by  the  inhabitants  to  occur  in  great  numbers  in  May,  at  Grand  Harbor,  living 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MAN  AN.  59 

in  holes  in  the  sand  just  below  low-water  mark.  They  are  easily  taken  with  boat- 
hooks. 

BERNHARDUS  STREBLONYX,  Dana.  Pagurus  Bernhardus,  Fabr.,  M.  Edw.,  Gould, 
Inv.  Mass.,  329.  Not  so  common  here  as  the  succeeding  species.  I  have  had  oppor- 
tunities of  comparing  this  with  European  specimens,  and  find  them  precisely  the 
same. 

B.  PUBESCENS,  St.  Pagurus  piibescens,  Kroyer,  Tidsskrift,  ii.  251.  Taken  in 
considerable  numbers,  but  not  abundantly,  in  the  laminarian  zone,  especially  on 
nullipore  bottoms.  It  inhabits  chiefly  shells  of  Buccinum  undatum.  It  is  easily 
distinguished  from  B.  streblonyx,  by  its  hairy,  carinated  hands. 

HYAS  COARCTATA,  Leach;  M.  Edw.,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Crust.,  i.  312.  Not  uncommon 
in  the  laminarian  zone. 

CANCER  IRRORATUS,  Say;  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  322.  Platycarcinus  irroratus,  M. 
Edw.,  De  Kay.  Found,  very  rarely,  however,  in  cavities  among  the  rocks  at  low 
water. 


FINIS. 


INDEX. 


[The  synonyms,  or  names  of  genera  and  species  to  which  incidental  reference  only  is  made,  are  in  Roman.] 


ACALEPH.E,  8. 
ACANTHONOTUS,  53. 

SERRATUS,  52. 
Acanthosoma,  52. 

HYSTRIX,  53. 

ACAULIS,  10. 

PRIMARIUS,  10. 
ACEPIIALA,  19. 
Acoetes,  36. 

lupina,  36. 

Pleei,  36. 
ACTINIA  CARNEOLA,  7. 

CORIACEA,  7. 

crassicornis,  7. 

DIANTHUS,  7. 

MARGINATA,  7. 

OBTRUNCATA,  7. 

SIPUNCULOIDES,  7. 
ACTINIAE^!,  7. 
ADEORBIS  COSTULATA,  23. 
ADMETE  VIRIDULA,  24. 
.  concharum,  42. 

POLITA,  41. 
SPINOSSISSIMA,  44. 

Agarum,  8. 
ALCYONID^E,  7. 
ALCYONIUM  DIGITATUM,  7. 

echinatum,  11. 
ALECTO  ESCHRICHTII,  12. 
ALLORCHESTES  LITTORALIS,  49. 
AMPHIPODA,  44,  53. 
AMPIIITHOE,  52. 

carinata,  52. 

inermis,  54. 

MACULATA,  53. 

marionis,  52. 
panopla,  52. 
serra,  52. 
V1RESCENS,  53. 

9 


AMPHITIIONOTUS,  52. 
ANCEUS  AMERICANUS,  42. 

maxillaris,  43. 
ANCULA  cristata,  26. 

SOLPHUREA,  26. 
ANISOPODA,  42. 
ANNULATA,  29. 
ANOMLA.  ACULEATA,  20. 

EPHIPPIUM,  20. 
ANONYX,  50,  57. 

appendiculosus,  50,  51,  55. 

EXIGUUS,  51. 

NOBILIS,  50,  55. 

PALLIDUS,  50. 

POLITUS,  50,  56. 
ANTHURA  BRACHIATA,  43. 
APHRODITACE^E,  36. 
APHRODITA  ACULEATA,  36. 

cirrata,  36. 

scabra,  36. 
APLIDIUM,  19. 
Aplysia,  27. 

APORRIIAIS  OCCIDENTALI8,  23. 

pespelicani,  23. 
ARENICOLA  PISCATORUM,  31. 
ARICIA  QUADRICUSPIS,  33. 
ASCIDIA  CALLOSA,  7,  19. 

GEOMETRICA,  20. 

TENELLA,  20. 
ASELLODES,  41. 

ALT  A,  41. 
ASTARTE  QUADRANS,  21. 

SULCATA,  21. 
ASTERACANTHION  ALBULUS,  14. 

MULLEKI,  14. 

LITTORALIS,  14. 

RUBENS,  14. 

VIOLACEUS,  14. 
ASTERIAD^E,  14. 


62 


MARINE  JNVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


ASTERIAS  pertusa,  14. 

phrygiana,  15. 

spongiosa,  14. 

Astrogonium  phrygianum,  15. 
ATROPHYTON  AGASSIZII,  12. 
AURELIA  AURITA,  11. 
BALANUS  GENICUIATTIS,  38. 

BALANOIDES,  39. 

ovularis,  39. 

rugosus,  39. 
BERNHAHDUS  PUBESCENS,  59. 

STREBLONYX,  59. 
BEROID  MEDUSA,  11. 
BOLINA  ALATA,  11. 
BOLTENIA,  13,  47. 

RENIFORMIS,  20. 

KUBRA,  20. 
BOTRYLLOIDES,  19. 

Botryodactyla  affinis,  16. 

grandis,  16. 
BRADA,  32. 

GRANOSA,  32. 
SUBLjEVIS,  20. 

BRACHIOPODA,  32. 
BRANCHIOPODA,  39. 
BRYOZOA,  17. 
BUCCINUM  UNDATUM,  24. 
BULLA  DEBILIS,  25. 

HIEMALIS,  25. 

PERTENUIS,  25. 

TRITICEA,  25. 
CALIGUS  PISCINUS,  38. 
CAMPANULARIA  SYRINGA,  8. 
CANCER  pulex,  55. 

IRRORATUS,  59. 

CANTHOPSIS  HARVARDIENSIS,  25. 
CAPRELLA  LOBATA,  44. 

LONGIMANUS,  44. 

ROBUSTA,  44. 

SANGUINEA,  44. 
CARDITA  BOREALIS,  21. 
CARDITJM  ISLANDICUM,  21. 

PINNCLATXJM,  21. 
Caudina,  17. 

arenata,  17. 
Cellepora  annulata,  18. 
CELLTJLARIA  TERNATA,  19. 
CEPHALOPODA,  27. 
CERAPUS  FASCIATUS,  49. 

rucicoLA,  48. 

RUBRICORNIS,  46,  47. 

tubularis,  47. 
CHEMNITZIA  NIVEA,  23. 


Chirodota,  17. 

arenata,  17. 

I^EVIS,  17,  27. 
CHITON  ALBDS,  22. 

MARMOREUS,  22. 

MENDICARIUS,  22. 

RUBER,  22. 

Chondrus,  10. 
CIRRIPEDIA,  38. 
CLAVA  MULTICORNIS,  11. 
CLAVELLINA,  19. 
CLYMENE  LUMBRICALIS,  31. 
COLOMBELLA  DISSIMILIS,  24. 

R08ACEA,  24. 

Comatula,  12. 
Corophidze,  48,  56. 

CORYMORPHA  NTJTANS,  9. 

Coryne,  11. 

squamata,  11. 
Corynidae,  10,  11. 
CRANGON  VULGARIS,  58. 
Cratopbium,  46. 
Cribella  oculata,  14. 
CRINOIDE^:,  12. 
CRISIA  CRIBRARIA,  18. 

DENTICULATA,  18. 
CRUSTACEA,  37. 
CRYPTONOTA,  35. 

CITRINA,  36. 

CTENODISCUS  CRISPATUS,  15. 
Cucumaria,  16. 

frondosa,  16. 

CtJMA  BISPINOSA,  39. 

CUVIERIA  FABRICII,  16. 
CYANEA  POSTELSII,  11. 
CYNTHIA  ECHINATA,  20. 
PYRIFORMIS,  20. 
CYPRIDINA  EXCISA,  39. 
CYPRINA  ISLANDICA,  21. 
DECAPODA,  58. 
DENDROCCELA,  27. 
DENDRONOTCS  ARBORESCENS,  26. 
DENTALIUM  STRIOLATUM,  22. 

DlADORA  NOACHINA,  22. 

DORIS  diapbana,  26. 
fusca,  26. 

PALLIDA,  26. 
PLANULATA,  26. 

repanda,  26. 

DOTO  CORONATA,  26. 

Duasmodactyla  producta,  17. 

ECHINARACHNItlS  ATLANTICUS,  16. 

Echinaster  Eschrichtii,  14. 


MARINE  INTERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


63 


E,  15. 
KCHINODERMATA,  12. 
ECHINUS  GRANULATU.S,   15. 

neglectus,  16. 

virens,  15. 
Ebus  angulata,  25. 

DIVERSA,  26. 

FARINACEA,  25. 

MANANENSIS,  26. 

PURPUREA,  25. 

rufibranchialis,  25. 

salmonacea,  26. 

STELLATA,  25. 
ENONELLA,  34. 

BICARINATA,  34. 
ENTOMOSTRACA,  39. 
EPIZOA,  38. 
EUDENDRIUM  CINGULATUM,  9. 

rameum,  9. 

ramosum,  9. 
EUNICE  OERSTEDII,  34. 

Harassii,  35. 

VIVIDA,  35. 

EUPIIROSYNE  BOREALIS,  36. 
Eusirus,  54. 

EURYALE,  12. 

scutatum,  12. 
FASCIOLARIA  LIGATA,  24. 
FLUSTRA,  19. 

TRUNCATA,  19. 

SOLIDA,  19. 

Fucus  nodosus,  49. 

vesiculosus,  49. 
GAMMARIN^E,  56. 
GAMMARUS  locusta,  55. 

MACROPTHALMUS,  55. 
PULEX,  55. 

PUKPURATUS,  55. 

SABINII,  55. 
GASTEROPODA,  22. 
GEMELLARIA  DUMOSA,  19,  45. 
GEPHYREA,  28. 
GLANDULA  FIBROSA,  20. 

MOLLIS,  20. 
GLYCERA  CAPITATA,  33. 

setosa,  33. 

VIRIDESCENS,  33. 

GONIASTER  equestris,  15. 

PHRYGIANA,  15,  38. 
GRAMMARIA,  9. 

GRACTLIS,  9. 
GRAMARIA  ROBUSTA,  9. 
Heteroneis  arctica,  34. 


HlPPOCRENE  SUPERCILIARIS,  11 
HlPPOLYTE  ACULEATA,  58. 

HIPPOTHOA,  catenularia,  18. 

RUQOSA,  18. 

Holothuria,  15. 

Isevis,  17. 

squamata,  16. 
HOLOTHURIAD^E,  16. 
HOMARUS  AMEHICANUS,  17. 
HYAS  COARCTATA,  59. 
HYDRACTINIA  ECHINATA,  11. 
IDMONEA  Atlantica,  18. 

PRUINOSA,  18. 
Idotaea,  40. 

caeca,  39. 

IRRORATA,  39. 

MONTOSA,  40. 

TUFTSII,  39. 

IPHIMEDIA  VULGARIS,  53. 
ISOPODA,  39. 
J;ERA  COPIOSA,  40. 
'  LACUNA  VINCTA,  23. 
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA,  20. 
LAMELLARIA  PERSPICUA,  24. 
LAOMEDEA  GELATINOSA,  8. 
LEDA  LIMATULA,  20. 

MYALIS,  20. 

SAPOTILLA,  20. 

TENUISULCATA,  21. 

THRACI^FORMIS,  20. 
Lepas  balanoides,  39. 
LEPIDONOTE  CIRRATA,  36. 

P'UNCTATA,  36. 

SCABEA,  36. 

LEPRALIA  ANNUI/ATA,  18. 

CANDIDA,  18. 
CRA8SISPINA,  18. 
LABIATA,  18. 
RUBENS,  19. 

Leptochirus,  56. 
LEPTOPLANA  ELLIPSOIDES,  27. 
LEPTOTHOE,  46. 

DAN^I,  46. 

LERN^IA  BRANCHIALIS,  38. 
LEUCOTHOE  GRANDIMANUS,  51. 

LlNKIA  OCULATA,  14. 

PERTUSA,  14. 
LlTTORINA  LITTORALIS,  23. 

RUDIS,  23. 

LOLIQO  BARTRAMII,  27. 

LuCERNARIADjE,  8. 

LUCERNARIA  fascicularis,  8. 

QUADRICORNIS,  8. 


64 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


LUMARA,  30. 

FLAVA,  31. 

LYONSIA  HYALINA,  21. 
LYSIANASSA  SPIMFERA,  49. 
MACTRA  PONDEROSA,  21. 

8OLIDISS1MA,  21. 
MANGELIA  CANCELLATA,  25. 

DECUSSATA,  25. 

PYRAMIDALIS,  24. 

TURRICULA,  24. 
MARGARITA  ACUMINATA,  23. 

ARGENTATA,  23. 

CINEREA,  23. 
HELICINA,  23. 
OBSCURA,  23. 

UNDXTLATA,  23. 
MARIGOLD,  31. 
MENESTHO  ALBULA,  23. 
MONOCULODES,  54. 

DEMISSU8,  54. 

MYA  ARENARIA,  22. 

TRUNCATA,  22. 
MYSIS  OCULATA,  58. 
MYTILUS  CORRUGATUS,  21. 

DECUSSATUS,  21. 

BISCORS,  21. 
DISCREPANS,  21. 
EBULIS,  21. 
LEVIGATUS,  21. 
MODIOLUS,  21. 

Munna,  41. 
NAREDA,  28. 

SUPERBA,  28. 
NASSA  TRIVITTATA,  24. 
NATICA  CLAUSA,  24. 

FLAVA,  24. 

GRONLANDICA,  24. 

HERDS,  24. 

IMMACULATA,  24. 

TRISERIATA,  24. 
NK.KKA  cugpidata,  22. 

PELLUCIDA,  21. 

Nemertes  obscura,  28. 
NEMERTID^E,  28. 
NEPHTHYS  borealis,  33. 

caeca,  33. 

CILIATA,  33. 

INGENS,  33. 

NEREIS  ABYSSICOLA,  33. 
NEREIS  DENTICULATA,  33. 

grandifolia,  34. 

GRANBIS,  34. 

IRIS,  33. 


NEREIS  pelagica,  33. 

NUCULA  DELP1IINODONTA,  20. 

PROXIMA,  20. 

TENUIS,  20. 
NUDIBRANCHIATA,  25. 

Nullipora,  22. 

NYMPHON  GROSSIPES,  38. 

OCNUS  AYRESII,  16. 

(Edicerus,  54. 

(Enone,  34. 

OMMATOPLEA  STIMPSONII,  28. 

Oniscus  pulex,  55. 

serratus,  52. 

ONUPHIS  ESCIIRICHTII,  35. 
OPHELIA  GLABRA,  33. 
OPHIACANTHA  SPINULOSA,  13. 
OPHIOLEPIS  acufera,  13. 

CILIATA,  13. 

ROBUSTA,  13. 
TENUIS,  13. 

OPHIOPHOLIS  SCOLOPENDRICA,  13. 
Ophiothrix,  13. 
Ophiura  aculeata,  13. 
OPHIURID^;,  13. 
ORCHESTIA  GRYLLUS,  49. 
Orcula  punctata,  17. 
Pagurus,  47. 

Bernhardus,  59. 

pubescens,  59. 
PALLENE  HISPIDA,  37. 
PANBALUS  borealis,  58. 

LEVIGATUS,  58. 
PANDORA  TRILINIATA,  21. 
PANOP^IA  NORVEGICA,  22. 
Patella  Candida,  22. 

caeca,  22. 
PECTEN  ISLANBICUS,  20. 

MAGELLANICUS,  20. 
PECTINARIA  Belgica,  30. 

GRONLANDICA,  30. 
PENTACTA  FRONDOSA,  16. 
Phascolosoma  Bernhardus,  28. 
PHILINE  LINEOLATA,  25. 
PHOLOE  TECTA,  36. 
PHOLAS  CRISPATA,  22. 
PHOXICHILIDIUM  MAXILLARE,  37. 
PHOXUS  FUSIFORMIS,  57. 

Holbollii,  58. 

KROYERI,  58. 

plumosus,  58. 

PHYLLODOCE  GRONLANDICA,  33. 
PILIDIUM  candidum,  22. 

CAECUM,  22. 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


05 


PLANARID^:,  27. 
Platycarcinus  irroratus,  59. 
PLEUROBRACIIIA  RHODODACTYLA,  11. 
PLUMULARIA  FALCATA,  8. 

TENERRIMA,  8. 
PODOCERUS  NITIDUS,  45. 
PontopoririEe,  56. 
POLIA  gracilis,  28. 

OBSCURA,  28. 
POLYNOE  SQUAMATA,  30. 
POLYPI,  7. 

POSEIDON  AFFINIS,  28. 
PRANIZA  CERINA,  42. 

cserulata,  43. 
PROLES  MEDUSIN^E,  11. 
PROLES  POLYPOIDE^E,  8. 
PROSOBRANCHIATA,  22. 
PROTULA  MEDIA,  30. 
PSOLUS  levigatus,  16. 

PIIANTAPUS,  16. 
PSEUDOPTHALMUS,  57. 

LIMICOLUS,  57. 

PELAGICUS,  57. 
PTERASTER  MILITARIS,  15. 
PTILOCHEIRUS,  55. 

PINGUIS,  56. 
Ptilota,  10. 

PURPURA  LAPILLUS,  24. 
PYCNOGONIDES,  37. 
PYCNOGONON  grossipcs,  38. 

littorals,  37. 

PELAGICUM,  37. 
KlSSOA  ACULEUS,  23. 

EBURNEA,  23. 

MlGHELSII,  23. 

PELAGICA,  23. 

SABELLA  lumbricalis,  31. 
PAVONINA,  30. 

ZONALIS,  30. 

SARSIA  MIKABILIS,  11. 
SAXICAVA  ARCTICA,  22. 

RUGOSA,  22. 

SCALARIA  GRONLANDICA,  23. 
Sooloplos  quadricuspis,  33. 
Serpula  granulata,  29. 

porrecta,  29.  • 

vitrea,  29. 
SERTULARIA  ARGENTEA,  8. 

FALLAX,  9. 

FILICULA,  8. 

LATIUSCULA,  8. 

Margareta,  8. 

POLYZONIAS,  8,  9. 


SERTULARIA  PRODUCTA,  8. 

RUGOSA,  9. 
SirnoNosiOMUM  ASPERUM,  31. 

vaginiferum,  32. 
SIPUNCULUS  BERNHARDUS,  28. 
SOLASTER  ENDECA,  14. 

PAPPOSA,  15. 
SOLEN  ENSIS,  21. 
SriRORBIS  GRANULATA,  29. 
NAUTILOIDES,  29. 
PORRECTA,  29. 
QUADRANGULARIS,  29. 
SPIRILLUM,  29. 
VITREA,  29. 
Squilla  lobata,  44. 
STAUROPHORA  LACINIATA,  11. 
Stcnosoma  irrorata,  39. 
STENOTIIOE  CLYPEATA,  57. 
STERNASPIS  FOSSOR,  29. 
STROBILA,  11. 
STOMAPODA,  58. 
Synapta,  17. 

coriacea,  17. 
Talitrus  gryllus,  49. 
TANAIS  FILUM,  43. 
TECTIBRANCHIATA,  25. 
TECTURA  TESTUDINALIS,  22. 
TECTURELLA,  32. 

FLACCID  A,  32. 
TELLINA  FUSCA,  21. 
PROXIMA,  21. 
TEREBELLA  BRUNNEA,  31. 
CIRRATA,  31. 
fulgida,  31. 
parvula,  31. 

TEREBRATULA  SEPTENTRIONALIS,  20. 
TETRASTEMMA  SERPENTINA,  28. 
THRACIA  brevirostris,  22. 
CONRADI,  21. 
COUTHOUYI,  21. 

MYOPSIS,  21. 

TRUNCATA,  21. 
THYASIRA  GOULDII,  21. 
THYONIDIUM  PRODUCTUM,  17. 

pellucidum,  17. 
TRICHOTROPIS  BOREALIS,  24. 
TRITONIUM  CLATHRATUM,  24. 

DECEMCOSTATUM,  24. 

ISLANDICUM,  24. 

PYGM^EUM,  24. 

Trochinus,  17. 

TROCHUS  OCCIDENTALIS,  23. 

TUBICOL^E,  29. 


G6 


MARINE  INVERTEBRATA  OF  GRAND  MANAN. 


TUBULARIADJE,  10. 
TUBULARIA  INDIVISA,  9. 
LARYNX,  9. 

penicillus,  30. 

TUBULIPORA  CRATES,  17. 
DIVISA,  18. 

flabellaris,  18. 

PATINA,  17. 
TUNICATA,,  19. 


TURRITELLA  ACICULA,  23. 
COSTULATA,  23. 
F.ROSA,  23. 

TYPIILOLEPTA  ACUTA,  27. 
UNCIOLA  IRRORATA,  45. 
VELUTINA  HALIOTOIDES,  24. 

ZONATA,  24. 

VERMILIA  SERRULA,  29. 
ZETES  SPINOSA,  37. 


REFERENCES  TO  THE  FIGURES. 


Fig.  1.  ACTINIA  CARNEOLA. 

2.  SIPUNCULOIDES. 

3.  GRAMMAHIA  ROBUSTA. 

4.  ACAULIS  PRIMARIUS. 

5.  ASTERACANTHION  ALBULUS. 

6.  TUBULIPORA  DIVISA. 

7.  IDMONEA  PRUINOSA. 

8.  CRISIA  CRIBRARIA. 

9.  HlPPOTHOA  RUGOSA. 

10.  LEPRALIA  CANDIDA. 

11.  RUBENS. 

12.  FLUSTRA  SOLIDA. 

13.  NE^ERA  PELLUCIDA. 

14.  DORIS  PLANTJLATA. 

15.  See  page  27. 

16.  LEPTOPLANA  ELLIPSOIDES. 

17.  NAREDA  SUPERBA. 

18.  OMMATOPLEA  STIMPSONII. 

19.  STERNASPIS  FOSSOR. 


Fig.  20.    LUMAKA  FLAVA. 

21.  TECTURELLA  FLACCIDA. 

22.  BRADA,  n.  g. 

23.  NEREIS  DENTICULATA. 

24.  GRANDIS. 

25.  ENONELLA  BICARINATA. 

26.  EUNICE  VIVIDA. 

27.  CRYPTONOTA  CITRINA. 

28.  CYPRIDINA  EXCISA. 

29.  «LERA  COPIOSA. 

30.  ASELLODES  ALTA. 

31.  PRANIZA  CERINA. 

32.  LEPTOTHOE  DAN^E. 

33.  CERAPUS  RUBRICORNIS. 

34.  FUCICOLA. 

35.  FASCIATUS. 

36.  ALLORCHESTES  LITTORALIS. 

37.  LEUCOTIIOE  GRANDIMANUS. 


PUBLISHED   BY  THE    SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION, 
WASHINGTON,   D.    C. 

MARCH,     1853. 


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